Chemical translator

Principe, Lawrence M. "Chemical translation" and the root of impurities in alchemy examples from Basil Valentine s Triumph-wagen. Ambix 34, no. 1 (Mar 1987) 21-30. 

A.-L. Lavoisier, Essays Physical and Chemical, translated from the French Opuscules physique et chimiques [1774] by Thomas Henry (London, 1776 London Cass Reprint, 1970), 27-28. 

B. S. Park, Chemical translators Pauling, Wheland and their strategies for teaching the theory of resonance , Brit. J. Hist. Sci., 1999, 32, 21 —4(5. 

To meet these conditions a special chemical programming language CHMTRN (Chemical Translator) was developed. By use of a special assembler - TBLTRN (Table Translator, written by Dr. Donald E. Barth), it was possible to convert the CHMTRN tables into specially encoded FORTRAN BLOCK DATA statements which could be loaded with LHASA or read in at run time. 

NCH AND TC TRANS-CHEM CHEMICAL TRANSLATION SERVICE KNOXVILLE TENN NCH-203709 TC-1131... 

Harbury and co-workers initially prepared a library of 1 million templates and then chemically translated them into acylated pentapeptides. The peptide library included ten different monomers at each position.At each position, structural elements (specific amino acids) of a known opioid peptide. Leu-enkephalin, were intentionally included so that the library will have a built-in positive control. Through two rounds of selections against 3-E7 antibody, Harbury and co-workers observed significant enrichment of codons corresponding to the Leu-enkephalin. In addition, another similar peptide library with different coding assignments was subjected to the selection, again enrichment of Leu-enkephalin was observed on a similar level. 

Seedlings of bean and barley Chick embryo liver cells in in vitro culture + " + Light effects steroid distribution 5j8-H steroids— transcriptional Drugs, chemicals— translational No inhibition repression of translation Light activates synthesis of ALA-synthetase". Enzymes of Mg branch are non-limiting... 

Dr. Zayas has since retired from an active role in the pharmaceutical industry and currently serves as a freelance scientiHc and chemical translator. 

Dr. Zayas has since retired from an active role in the pharmaceutical industry and currently serves as a freelance scientific and chemical translator. She still resides in the United States, but in the warmer climate of South Florida. This glossary is her first publication. 

CHMTRN Chemical Translator (language used in LHASA to describe transforms)... 

Larsson KC, Kjall P, Richter-Dahlfors A (2012) Organic bioelectronics for electronic-to-chemical translation in modulation of neuronal signaling and machine-to-brain interfacing. Biochim Biophys Acta 1830 4334—4344... 

Problems in chemical physics which involve the collision of a particle with a surface do not have rotational synnnetry that leads to partial wave expansions. Instead they have two dimensional translational symmetry for motions parallel to the surface. This leads to expansion of solutions in terms of diffraction eigenfiinctions. 

Table B2.5.3. Product energy distribution for some IR laser chemical reactions. (E ) is the average relative translational energy of fragments, is the average vibrational and rotational energy of polyatomic fragments, and/ is the fraction of the total product energy appearing as translational energy [109],...

A recent study of the vibrational-to-vibrational (V-V) energy transfer between highly-excited oxygen molecules and ozone combines laser-flash photolysis and chemical activation with detection by time-resolved LIF [ ]. Partial laser-flash photolysis at 532 mn of pure ozone in the Chappuis band produces translationally-... 

Neither a trivial name nor the systematic nomenclature, which both represent the structure as an alphanumerical (text) string, is ideal for computer proccs.sing. The reason is that various valid compound names can describe one chemical structure (Figure 2-6). As a consequence, the name/structure correlation is unambiguous but not unique. Nowadays, programs can translate names to structures, and. structitrcs to names, to make published structures accessible in electronic journals (see also Chapter (I, Section 2 in the Handbook). 

As was said in the introduction (Section 2.1), chemical structures are the universal and the most natural language of chemists, but not for computers. Computers woi k with bits packed into words or bytes, and they perceive neither atoms noi bonds. On the other hand, human beings do not cope with bits very well. Instead of thinking in terms of 0 and 1, chemists try to build models of the world of molecules. The models ai e conceptually quite simple 2D plots of molecular sti uctures or projections of 3D structures onto a plane. The problem is how to transfer these models to computers and how to make computers understand them. This communication must somehow be handled by widely understood input and output processes. The chemists way of thinking about structures must be translated into computers internal, machine representation through one or more intermediate steps or representations (sec figure 2-23, The input/output processes defined... 

Aldoses exist almost exclusively as their cyclic hemiacetals very little of the open chain form is present at equilibrium To understand their structures and chemical reac tions we need to be able to translate Fischer projections of carbohydrates into their cyclic hemiacetal forms Consider first cyclic hemiacetal formation m d erythrose To visualize furanose nng formation more clearly redraw the Fischer projection m a form more suited to cyclization being careful to maintain the stereochemistry at each chirality center... 

Fertilization of ponds to increase productivity is the next level of intensity with respect to fish culture, followed by provision of supplemental feeds. Supplemental feeds are those that provide some additional nutrition but caimot be depended upon to supply all the required nutrients. Provision of complete feeds, those that do provide all of the nutrients required by the fish, translates to another increase in intensity. Associated with one or more of the stages described might be the appHcation of techniques that lead to the maintenance of good water quaUty. Examples are continuous water exchange, mechanical aeration, and the use of various chemicals used to adjust such factors as pH, alkalinity, and hardness. 

The types of molecules synthesized by biotechnological techniques are restricted to those biomolecules whose stmctures can be encoded in the DNA of organisms capable of translating them into functional nanomaterials. Other types of molecules and nanomaterials can be synthesized by chemical synthetic approaches, such as covalent syntheses and molecular self-assembly of molecular units. 

A potentially general method of identifying a probe is, first, to purify a protein of interest by chromatography (qv) or electrophoresis. Then a partial amino acid sequence of the protein is deterrnined chemically (see Amino acids). The amino acid sequence is used to predict likely short DNA sequences which direct the synthesis of the protein sequence. Because the genetic code uses redundant codons to direct the synthesis of some amino acids, the predicted probe is unlikely to be unique. The least redundant sequence of 25—30 nucleotides is synthesized chemically as a mixture. The mixed probe is used to screen the Hbrary and the identified clones further screened, either with another probe reverse-translated from the known amino acid sequence or by directly sequencing the clones. Whereas not all recombinant clones encode the protein of interest, reiterative screening allows identification of the correct DNA recombinant. 

N. A. Copeland and M. A. Youker, "German Techniques for Handling Acetylene in Chemical Operations," ELATEinalReport No. 720 (PB 20078), 1946 Includes translations of reports by Boesler, Rimarski, and Weissweiler. 

Dmg receptors are chemical entities which are typically, but not exclusively, small molecules that interact with cellular components, frequently at the plasma membrane level (1,2). There are many types of receptors heat, light, immune, hormone, ion channel, toxin, and vims are but a few that can excite a cell. The receptor concept can be appHed generally to signal recognition processes where a chemical or physical signal is recognized. This recognition is translated into response (Fig. 3) and the process can be seen as a flow of information. 

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