Biotechnology techniques

The types of molecules synthesized by biotechnological techniques are restricted to those biomolecules whose stmctures can be encoded in the DNA of organisms capable of translating them into functional nanomaterials. Other types of molecules and nanomaterials can be synthesized by chemical synthetic approaches, such as covalent syntheses and molecular self-assembly of molecular units. 

Coffee Biotechnology. A number of advanced biotechnology techniques are being investigated to improve and/or develop coffee varieties as well as to better utilize roasted coffee (56). 

Buchert J, Siika-aho M, Bailey M, Puls J, Valkeajarvi A, Pere J and Viikari L. Biotechnology Techniques 7 785. 

Chen, J.P. and Wang, H.Y. (1998) Improved properties of bilirubin oxidase by entrapment in an alginate-silicate sol-gel matrix. Biotechnology Techniques, 12, 851-853. 

P. M. Fratamico, T. P. Strohaugh, M. B. Medina, and A. G. Gehring, "Detection of Escherichia coli 0157 H7 Using a Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor," Biotechnology Techniques 12, 571-576 (1998). 

Figure 10.1 Home pregnancy testing devices, like the one seen here, utilize biotechnology techniques. This test uses paired monoclonal antibodies and colored beads to indicate increased human gonadotropin in urine. The second round well is a control, indicating the device is working properly by trapping a common urine protein.

Biotechnological techniques are also frequently used to make key reaction steps highly regio- and stereoselective. 

Pinto, M.C. and Macias, P. (1995) Determination of intraparticle immobilized enzyme distribution in porous support by confocal scanning microscopy. Biotechnology Techniques, 9(7), 481-486. 

To close this chapter, however, we want to briefly discuss an emerging biotechnology technique control of the adhesion of attachment-dependent cells. Certain cells within the body are said to be anchorage-dependent in that they must attach themselves to matrices in order to function and survive. 

Wang,X. Ruckenstein,E. (1994). Immobilization of Phanerochaete chrysosporium on porous polyurethane particles with application to biodegradation of 2-chlorophenol. Biotechnology Techniques, 8, 339-44. 

With the advent of new biotechnological techniques endogenous compounds like insulin, buserelin or octreotide have become available at affordable prices. All of these substances still have to undergo needle application. Until today the development of alternative delivery systems for the nasal, buccal, peroral, rectal and pulmonary routes for the administration of those class III drugs according to the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) (Amidon et al. 1995) could not keep pace with this development of endogenous compounds or is not economic enough for the health care payers (e.g. insulin application via the pulmonary route). 

Macaloney G, Hall JW, Rollins MJ, Draper I, Thompson BG, McNeil B (1994) Biotechnology Techniques 8 281... 

The health benefits of food and food constituents is currently gaining much attention. New biotechnological techniques allow the enrichment of food with micro- and macro-nutrients such as rice with high levels of vitamin A, tomatoes with extra flavonoids and also milk with additional calcium. These frmctional foods are often coimected with health benefits. Specific food constituents in a pharmaceutical formulation are called nutraceuticals. These are frequently associated with medical claims. 

Lin AA, Nguyen T Miller WM (1991) A rapid method for counting cell nuclei using a particle sizer/counter. Biotechnology Techniques 5 153-156. 

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