Chemical sensing/sensors

Manz, A., Graber, N., Widmer, H.M., Miniaturized total chemical analysis system a novel concept for chemical sensing. Sensors Actuators B 1990, 1, 244-248. 

A. Manz, N. Graber, and H. M. Widmer, Miniaturized Total Chemical-Analysis Systems - A Novel Concept for Chemical Sensing, Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, vol. 1, no. 1-6, pp. 244-248, Jan. 1990. 

The first type of enzyme application in microfluidics is chemical sensing. Sensors can be constmeted in cases where an enzyme turns over a particular smaU-molecule substrate to produce a product quantifiable by fluorescence, chemiluminescence, absorbance spectroscopy, or electrochemical detectors. In cases where the substrate is not detectable itself, an enzymatic product can often be coupled to another enzyme that produces a detectable product. For example, there are a wide variety of small molecules (such as nutrients, amino acids, and sugars) that can be coupled to the chemiluminescent reaction of luminol and peroxide in the presence of horseradish peroxidase. These enzyme-substrate assays were the first to be adapted to microfluidic devices — a great number of small-molecule sensors have been developed based on microfluidic channels with electroosmotic or hydrodynamic flow, and pre-loaded microfluidic cartridges containing nanoliter volumes of reagents have... 

A. Choudhury, RJ. Hesketh, T.G. Thundat, H. Zhiyu, R. Vujanic, Design and testing of single and double sided cantilevers for chemical sensing. Sensors, 2007 IEEE 1-3 (2007) 1432. 

Lavine, B., Kaval, N., Westover, D. and Oxenford, L. (2006) New approaches to chemical sensing-sensors based on polymer sweUing, Analytical Letters, 39, 1773-83. 

The success of the O2 sensor has made the auto manufacturers, regulators, and environmentalists anxious to extend chemical sensing to a variety of tailpipe gases, notably CO, NO, and short-chain hydrocarbons. Considerable research and development is needed for these molecules to be monitored in the hostile exhaust system environment (36). 

Vol. 144. Surface-Launched Acoustic Wave Sensors Chemical Sensing and Thin-Film Characterization. By Michael Thompson and David Stone... 

Macrocyclic Compounds in Analytical Chemistry. Edited by Yury A. Zolotov Surface-Launched Acoustic Wave Sensors Chemical Sensing and Thin-Film Characterization. By Michael Thompson and David Stone Modern Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Edited by T. J. Platzner High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis Theory, Techniques, and Applications. Edited by Morteza G. Khaledi... 

Heideman R.G. and Lambeck P.V., Remote opto-chemical sensing with extreme sensitivity design, fabrication and performance of a pigtailed integrated optical phase-modulated Mach-Zehnder interferometer system, Sensors and Actuators B 1999 61 100-127. 

In the summer of 2004, the NATO A.S.I. on the subject Optical Chemical Sensors was organised in Erice, Sicily. This NATO A.S.I. was the 40th Course of the International School of Quantum Electronics, under the auspices of the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Center for Scientific Culture and was directed by Dr. J. Homola of the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronic (IREE) of the Academy of Sciences in Prague and by Dr. F.Baldini of the Nello Carrara Institute of Applied Physics (IFAC-CNR). It is also the fourth course in the framework of the ASCOS (Advanced Study Course on Optical Chemical Sensors) series, founded in 1999 by Prof. Otto Wolfbeis. This book presents the Proceedings of this advanced course providing a deep overview of both the fundamentals of optical chemical sensing and the applications of chemical sensors. 

The sensors in this section can also be utilized to detect chemicals in liquid through the bulk solution refractive index change induced by the presence of target chemicals. Since no recognition molecules are used, this type of chemical sensing may usually have low specificity. However, these sensors may perform excellently in conjunction with other technologies such as capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometer, and liquid chromatography in chemical detection. 

Polymers are among the most widely used materials for chemical sensing since they are able to collect and concentrate molecules on sensor surfaces by reversible sorption they can be deposited on several substrates as thin adherent films with easy processing techniques they are available in many kinds having different chemical and sorption properties, which can be used to enhance the selectivity of the sensors last but not least, they are of low cost. 

We have shown a new concept for selective chemical sensing based on composite core/shell polymer/silica colloidal crystal films. The vapor response selectivity is provided via the multivariate spectral analysis of the fundamental diffraction peak from the colloidal crystal film. Of course, as with any other analytical device, care should be taken not to irreversibly poison this sensor. For example, a prolonged exposure to high concentrations of nonpolar vapors will likely to irreversibly destroy the composite colloidal crystal film. Nevertheless, sensor materials based on the colloidal crystal films promise to have an improved long-term stability over the sensor materials based on organic colorimetric reagents incorporated into polymer films due to the elimination of photobleaching effects. In the experiments... 

Potyrailo, R. A. Ding, Z. Butts, M. D. Genovese, S. E. Deng, T., Selective chemical sensing using structurally colored core shell colloidal crystal films, IEEE Sensors J. 2008, 8,815 822... 

Chemical vapor sensors play an ever-increasing role in the environmental monitoring, homeland security, defense, and health care. The desirable characteristics of a chemical vapor sensor include ultrahigh sensitivity, specific and rapid response to certain vapor molecules, as well as the ability for on-the-spot chemical analysis, which usually requires the sensor to be small, portable, reusable, stable, robust, and cost effective. Toward this end, various sensing techniques have been studied... 

Miniaturized and robust optical fiber sensors capable of accurate and reliable measurement of refractive index of the surrounding environment have attracted tremendous interest in recent years. One of the driving forces for the development of these fiber optic devices is their broad applications in chemical sensing. When placed in the liquid solution or gas mixture, these fiber sensors can detect the chemical composition change by monitoring its refractive index variation. These... 

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