Chemical processes organic chemicals

The incident related in sidebar 1.1 points to the purpose of this text—namely, to emphasize the importance of chemical industry production facilities (yes, sugar is a chemical, an organic chemical sugar production qualifies as a chemical production process) being ready for any contingency— any being the key word. 

Although a few forms have been prepared by industry-wide organizations such as TEMA, Hydraulic Institute, and API, most have been prepared for their own use by engineering contractors and design divisions of chemical process organizations. Most private firms have their own libraries, but the merits of some forms have been recognized and copied widely so that much uniformity exists. 

Figure 4-3. A 120-gal steam-jacketed autoclave for processing organic chemicals at 2,000 psi and 300°F. (Source D. B. Gooch, Autoclaves Pressure— Temperature Reactions, Ind. Eng. Chem., 35, 927-946, 1943. Used with permission from the American Chemical Society.)...

As discussed in Chapter 19, Section 19.1, equipment count also offers a rational approach to estimate TIC, especially for liquid process organic chemical plants. The scope of equipment count is defined in Section 19.11. 

Chemical processing Organic acid production recovery... 

Ethyne is the starting point for the manufacture of a wide range of chemicals, amongst which the most important are acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, ethanal, ethanoic acid, tri- and perchloro-ethylene, neoprene and polyvinyl alcohol. Processes such as vinylation, ethinylation, carbonylation, oligomerization and Reppe processes offer the possibility of producing various organic chemicals cheaply. Used in oxy-acetylene welding. 

Figure C2.4.12. Principle of the microcontact printing process. Chemically patterned organic films witli differently fimctionalized regions can be prepared by a combination of pCP and subsequent immersion.

Apart from using an environmentally friendly solvent, it is also important to clean up the chemical reactions themselves by reducing the number and amount of side-products formed. For this purpose catalysts are a versatile tool. Catalysts have been used for thousands of years in processes such as fermentation and their importance has grown ever since. In synthetic oiganic chemistry, catalysts have found wide applications. In the majority of these catalytic processes, organic solvents are used, but also here the use of water is becoming increasingly popular . 

PROPENE The major use of propene is in the produc tion of polypropylene Two other propene derived organic chemicals acrylonitrile and propylene oxide are also starting materials for polymer synthesis Acrylonitrile is used to make acrylic fibers (see Table 6 5) and propylene oxide is one component in the preparation of polyurethane polymers Cumene itself has no direct uses but rather serves as the starting material in a process that yields two valuable indus trial chemicals acetone and phenol... 

As the experimental tools for biochemical transformations have become more pow erful and procedures for carrying out these transformations m the laboratory more rou tine the application of biochemical processes to mainstream organic chemical tasks including the production of enantiomerically pure chiral molecules has grown... 

Section 14 15 Coordination polymerization of ethylene and propene has the biggest eco nomic impact of any organic chemical process Ziegler-Natta polymer ization IS carried out using catalysts derived from transition metals such as titanium and zirconium tt Bonded and ct bonded organometallic com pounds are intermediates m coordination polymerization... 

Formaldehyde, HCHO, is a primary and necessary constituent of the first five synthetic adhesives in the listing. It is a simple organic chemical first identified during the latter half of the 1800s. Its irritating and toxic odor and preservative properties were known from the time of its early development. It is a ubiquitous chemical, formed naturally in small quantities by every process of incomplete combustion as well as in normal biologic processes. The human body has a natural formaldehyde level of about 3 lg/g, ie, 3 parts per million (ppm) in the blood at all times. 

Fluorosulfuric acid [7789-21-17, HSO F, is a colodess-to-light yellow liquid that fumes strongly in moist air and has a sharp odor. It may be regarded as a mixed anhydride of sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids. Fluorosulfuric acid was first identified and characterized in 1892 (1). It is a strong acid and is employed as a catalyst and chemical reagent in a number of chemical processes, such as alkylation (qv), acylation, polymerization, sulfonation, isomerization, and production of organic fluorosulfates (see Friedel-CRAFTSreactions). 

Chemical Properties. A combination of excellent chemical and mechanical properties at elevated temperatures result in high performance service in the chemical processing industry. Teflon PEA resins have been exposed to a variety of organic and inorganic compounds commonly encountered in chemical service (26). They are not attacked by inorganic acids, bases, halogens, metal salt solutions, organic acids, and anhydrides. Aromatic and ahphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, amines, esters, chlorinated compounds, and other polymer solvents have Httle effect. However, like other perfluorinated polymers,they react with alkah metals and elemental fluorine. 

There are many different routes to organic chemicals from biomass because of its high polysaccharide content and reactivity. The practical value of the conversion processes selected for commercial use with biomass will depend strongly on the availabiUty and price of the same chemicals produced from petroleum and natural gas. 

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