Chemical mixtures, toxicology

Rozman K, Roth WL, Greim H, et al. 1993. Relative potency of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) in acute, subchronic and chronic (carcinogenicity) toxicity studies Implications for risk assessment of chemical mixtures. Toxicology 77(l-2) 39-50. 

Yang RSH, El-Masri HA, Thomas RS, Dobrev ID, Dennison IE, Bae DS, Campain IA, Liao KH, Reisfeld B, Andersen ME, Mumtaz M. 2004. Chemical mixture toxicology from descriptive to mechanistic, and going on to in silico toxicology. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 18 65-81. 

Yang RSH, Mayeno AN, Lyons M, Reisfeld B. 2010. The application of physiologically-based pharmacokinetics (PBPK), Bayesian population PBPK modeling, and biochemical reaction network (BRN) modeling to chemical mixture toxicology. In Mumtaz M, editor, Principles and practices of mixture toxicology. Hoboken (NJ) John Wiley Sons. 

Chemical Mixtures, Toxicology and Risk Assessment see Mixtures, Toxicology and Risk Assessment. 

Teuschler LK, Hertzberg RC. Current and future risk assessment guidelines, policy, and methods development for chemical mixtures. Toxicology 1995 105 137 4. 

R.S.H. Yang, ed. Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures Case Studies, Mechanisms and Novel Approaches. New York Academic Press, 1994. (Note This book is an excellent source book on the science behind the study of chemical mixture toxicology.)... 

Krishnan K, Andersen ME, Clewell H 3rd, et al. 1994. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of chemical mixtures. In Yang R, ed. Toxicology of chemical mixtures. New York, NY Academic Press, 399-437. 

Keywords Alternative methods, Chemical carcinogenicity, Mixtures, Toxicological profile... 

Yang RSH, Rauckman EJ. 1987. Toxicological studies of chemical mixtures of environmental concern at the National Toxicology Program Health effects of groundwater contaminants. Toxicology 47 15-34. 

Current knowledge about the combined toxicological effects that may occur from exposures to different chemicals in mixtures is outlined in this chapter. Special attention is paid to the low levels of exposures normally encountered from the unintended, indirect exposure to chemical mixtures through food and environment. It should be recognized that it has not been possible to cover all possible combined exposures to chemicals in this book. 

The main emphasis is paid to the identification of the basic principles for combined actions and interactions of chemicals (Section 10.2), and to the current knowledge on effects of exposures to mixtures of industrial chemicals, including pesticides and environmental contaminants. Test strategies to assess combined actions and interactions of chemicals in mixtures (Section 10.3) as well as toxicological test methods (Section 10.4) are addressed, approaches used in the assessment of chemical mixtures are presented (Section 10.5), and examples of experimental studies using simple, well-defined mixtures are given (Section 10.6). 

The prediction of the toxicological properties of a chemical mixture requires detailed information on the composition of the mixture and the mechanism of action of each of the individual compounds. In order to perform a risk assessment, proper exposure data are also needed. Most often... 

Testing of the whole mixture as such has been recommended for mixtures that are not well characterized (Mumtaz et al. 1993), and has successfully been applied for assessing the combined toxicity of simple, defined chemical mixtures where the toxicological properties of the individual components were also investigated, see Section 10.6. 

ATSDR. 2004. Guidance manual for the assessment of joint toxic action of chemical mixtures. Atlanta, U.S.A. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, http //www.atsdr.cdc.gov/interactionprofiles/ipga.html... 

Cassee, E.R., J.P. Groten, P.J. van Bladeren, and V.J. Eeron. 1998. Toxicological evaluation and risk assessment of chemical mixtures. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 28 73-101. 

Feron, V.J., J.P. Groten, F.R. Cassee, D. Jonker, and P.J. van Bladeren. 1995b. Toxicology of chemical mixtures Challenges for today and the future. Toxicology 105 415 17. 

Eeron, V.J. and J.P. Groten. 2002. Toxicological evaluation of chemical mixtures. Food Chem Toxicol. 40 825-839. 

Mumtaz, M.M., LG. Sipes, H.J. Clewell, and R.S.H. Yang. 1993. Risk assessment of chemical mixtures Biological and toxicological issues. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 21 258-269. 

Svengaard, D.J. and R.C. Hertzberg 1994. Statistical methods for toxicological evaluation. In Yang, R.S.H. (ed). Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures, San Diego Academic Press. 

Germolec DR, Yang RS, Ackermann MF, et al. 1989. Toxicology studies of a chemical mixture of 25 groundwater contaminants. II. Immunosuppression in B6C3Fi mice. Fund AppI Toxicol 13 377- 387. 

Altenburger R., T. Backhaus, W. Boedeker, M. Faust, M. Scholze, and L. H. Grimme (2000). Predictabihty of the toxicity of multiple chemical mixtures to Vibrio fischeri Mixtures composed of similarly acting chemicals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19 2341-2347. 

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