Chemical industry contributions from

The chemical industry contributes to the generation of total industrial or manufacturing waste in several ways. First, hazardous substances generated during manufacturing may be disposed of on land or incinerated, or treated by physical/ chemical means. Materials can also be recovered from this waste and they can be used as a source of energy. Hazardous chemicals produced by the chemical industry and incorporated into products that work their way through the supply chain will eventually be disposed of after final use. In addition, the chemical industry produces... 

An additional resource is industrially used silver that is recycled. Most important are scrapped photographic film and paper as well as used photographic baths. Reclamation of scrap from the electronics industry and catalysts from chemical industry contribute to modern silver manufacturing and dental scrap, silver amalgam, is also important. 

It is estimated that the chemical industry contributes about 10% to the world s total trade and about 5% to the total income. It employs about 10 million employees and generates a combined turnover of more than 3 trillion dollars including from pharmaceuticals. The manufacturing processes of many of the products mentioned are critically dependent on the use of catalysts. In recent years, catalytic research has gained additional momentum for two main reasons. 

The purpose of this article is to indicate and illustrate the very wide range of factors, apart from and beyond questions of underlying chemistry and chemical specificity, that determine or constrain the utility of various investigative efforts in catalyst research they also define the continuing and progressive contributions to the chemical industry which the catalyst chemist can make. The ultimate criteria are nearly always found in cost reduction and/or in product diversification and improvement. 

Funding for the conference came from the ACS Division of Inorganic Chemistry the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the ACS and the Alfa Products Division of Morton Thiokol, Inc. Portions of travel expenses were borne by AT T Bell Laboratories BBC-Brown, Boveri Co. Exxon Research and Engineering and Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. The conference would not have occurred without the generous support of these organizations. Finally, I wish to thank all of the contributing authors, whose cooperation and timeliness have been greatly appreciated. 

This volume is based on a four-session symposium presented at the 211th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, sponsored by the ACS Division of Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, Inc., in New Orleans, Louisiana, March 24-28, 1996. The general interest in the topic of photopolymerization was illustrated by the excellent attendance and active discussions during the symposium, and we were delighted when most of the speakers agreed to contribute chapters to this book. The volume is well balanced, with contributions from both academia and industry, and should provide the reader with an excellent idea of the current directions of photopolymerization research. 

It is impossible to clearly separate the effects of TSCA from a multitude of other factors which contribute to changes in innovation or the economic condition of the chemical industry. Changes in the tax structure or the inflation rate, for example, have much more impact on innovation and industry R D than does TSCA. But the effects of TSCA cannot be isolated from these other factors. 

Dioxins are formed as unwanted contaminants in a variety of combustion and manufacturing processes as well as through natural processes. The European Dioxin Inventory 1993-1995 showed that the contribution from the chemical industry was less than 1% of total dioxin emissions. 

Despite the minor contribution from the chemical industry Euro Chlor actively participates in minimising the dioxin emissions by promoting and applying Best Available Techniques. Euro Chlor also assists in the collection of monitoring data to follow dioxin trends in the environment. 

The American Chemical Society took pride in the role it had played in the recruitment of chemists for research on chemical warfare and it was largely responsible for the publication of the results of their work. A series of articles appeared in the widely read Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry designated as "Contributions from the Chemical Warfare Service," summarizing the techniques and findings useful to the wider study of chemistry (39). When the War Department attempted to abolish the Chemical Warfare Service in 1919, the ACS cooperated in a campaign of publicity about the work of the Chemical Warfare Service and contributed in a major way to its survival (40). Many chemists who formerly had worked in the Research Division delivered public addresses and wrote letters in support of the continuance of the Chemical Warfare Service to newspapers and to members of Congress. 

Biocatalysis contributes significantly to the generation of APIs through the supply of chiral building blocks from the fine chemical industry. In contrast, there is a clear underutilization within the pharmaceutical industry, where it could provide more efficient and greener methods of late-stage intermediate and API production. 

In 1953, he received an offer from the University of Pennsylvania, one of the oldest and most distinguished universities in the United States, which was also located in a major center of chemical industries. In 1954, he accepted the position as the Benjamin Franklin Professor of Chemistry and chairman of the Chemistry Department. In the transitional summer of 1954, he gave a series of lectures on polymer chemistry at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, which became the basis of his first book, Reactions at the Carbon-Carbon Double Bond. An important original idea posited in this book was the phenomenon of pi-bonding. From the beginning of his doctoral research at Harvard, a major common thread to many of Charles contributions was his keen interest in the detailed mechanisms by which chemical reactions occur. 

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