Chemical detecting potential

DETECTING POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES MIGRATING FROM ARTICLES FOR MEDICAL USE... 

A number of other chemicals suspected of having endocrine disrupting potential also occur at high levels in the tissues of marine mammals. For example, tribiityltin compounds are present in the tissues of the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias juhatus) from Hokaido, Japan, and in stranded bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) found along the US Atlantic and Gulf coasts.Additional chemicals detected include PAHs, toxaphene and chlordane. ... 

The DBPCAN database contains predicted estimates of carcinogenic potential for 209 chemicals detected in finished drinking water samples having undergone water disinfection treatment. 

The FPI principle can also be used to develop thin-film-coating-based chemical sensors. For example, a thin layer of zeolite film has been coated to a cleaved endface of a single-mode fiber to form a low-finesse FPI sensor for chemical detection. Zeolite presents a group of crystalline aluminosilicate materials with uniform subnanometer or nanometer scale pores. Traditionally, porous zeolite materials have been used as adsorbents, catalysts, and molecular sieves for molecular or ionic separation, electrode modification, and selectivity enhancement for chemical sensors. Recently, it has been revealed that zeolites possess a unique combination of chemical and optical properties. When properly integrated with a photonic device, these unique properties may be fully utilized to develop miniaturized optical chemical sensors with high sensitivity and potentially high selectivity for various in situ monitoring applications. 

Inability in most instances to detect potential beneficial health effects from reduced exposure to chemicals due to the chronic nature and multifactorial etiologies of the conditions in question. 

Many facilities already measure the above parameters (and many others) on a regular basis to control plant operations and confirm chemical mixture quality more closely monitoring these parameters may create operational benefits for facilities that extend far beyond security, such as reducing operating costs and chemical usage. Chemical industrial facilities also should thoughtfully monitor customer complaints and improve connections with local public health networks to detect public health anomalies. Customer complaints and public health anomalies are important ways to detect potential contamination problems and other environmental quality concerns. 

Exposure Levels in Environmental Media. There were no quantitative data on current atmospheric levels of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine emissions or on the chemical s potential to act as a surface eontaminant of soil environments. It is difficult to determine 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine levels in the aquatic environment because the concentrations tend to be at or below analytical detection limits. In general, it may only be possible to ascertain fully the environmental fate of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine as analytical advances permit the routine determination of very low concentrations. Moreover, determination of the nature and environmental fate of breakdown products of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine would be useful. 

The most sensitive and most widely applied test uses the bacterium Salmonella, The system selects histidine-independent mutants and permits their classification into different kinds of changes at the DNA level. Strains that are specifically susceptible to different kinds of mutation events, especially permeable to external chemicals, and deficient in DNA repair are used. The addition of a mammalian metabolic activation system greatly increases the ability of the test to detect potential human mutagens. 

Buehler EV (1964) A new method for detecting potential sensitizers using the guinea pig. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 6 341 Center for Devices and Health (1999) Guidance for Industry and FDA Reviewers/Stuff Premarket notification [510(K)] Submission for Testing for Skin Sensitization to Chemicals in natural Rubber Production. U.S. Department of Health and Human Service, FDA... 

Figure 9.33 Representative chromatogram of tyrosine (T), tyrosylglycine (T-G) and tyrosylglycylglycine (T-G-G) standards. Upper (HPLC-UV) and [HPLC-electro-chemical detection (ED)] chromatograms shows the separation of 55 ng of T-G-G (1), 70 ng of T-G (2), and 35 ng of T (3). Analytes were detected at 205 nm (0.1 A) and + 1.25 V oxidation potential (100 nA). (From Mousa and Couri, 1983.)...

So what is the answer to industrial exposure to chemicals The principle should be that workers who are unavoidably exposed to chemicals should be exposed to the lowest level possible and practicable. Protective clothing and systems should be used, and reactions should take place in closed systems. In addition, workers should be regularly monitored and records kept. This allows populations of workers to be studied for any trends in adverse effects. Furthermore, tests should be done on chemicals in both in vitro systems and experimental animals to detect potential hazards. A combination of experimental data and epidemiological information is essential for the identification of hazards. These are now requirements in many countries. 

The available screening methods for detecting potential (anti-) estrogenic/ androgenic chemicals in wildlife have been reviewed recently [24]. The available TEF values for fish, bird and mammal are given in Table 1. It is obvious from this table that new TEFs should be developed for different aquatic organisms. 

More recently, the fact that many of the chemical agents which cause the induction of prophage are carcinogenic has led to the use of lysogenic bacteria in screening tests for detecting potential carcinogens. 

Institoris L, Siroki O, Desi I, Lesznyak J, Serenyi P, Szekeres E et al (1998) Extension of the protocol of OECD guideline 407 (28-day repeated dose oral toxicity test in the rat) to detect potential immunotoxicity of chemicals. Hum Exp Toxicol 17 206-211... 

These quantitative methods must eventually detect potential chemical degradants, contaminants, and impurities induced by oxidation, deamidation, proteolysis, and disulfide exchange. Physical instability such as aggregation, denaturation, adsorption, and precipitation must also be detected and quantitated. 

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