Chemical analysis volumetric

Gravimetric analysis The chemical analysis of materials by the separation of the constituents and their measurement by weight. This describes the gas mixture by giving the percentage by weight of each component gas. See also Volumetric analysis. 

The use of clean glassware is of utmost importance when doing a chemical analysis. In addition to the obvious need of keeping the solution free of contaminants, the walls of the vessels, particularly the transfer vessels (burets and pipets), must be cleaned so that the solution will flow freely and not bead up on the wall as the transfer is performed. If the solution beads up, it is obvious that the pipet or buret is not delivering the volume of solution intended. It also means that there is a greasy him on the wall that could introduce contaminants. The analyst should examine, clean, and reexamine his or her glassware in advance so that the free how of solution down the inside of the glassware can be observed. For the volumetric flask, at least the neck must be cleaned in this manner so as to ensure a well-formed meniscus. 

Part—I has three chapters that exclusively deal with General Aspects of pharmaceutical analysis. Chapter 1 focuses on the pharmaceutical chemicals and their respective purity and management. Critical information with regard to description of the finished product, sampling procedures, bioavailability, identification tests, physical constants and miscellaneous characteristics, such as ash values, loss on drying, clarity and color of solution, specific tests, limit tests of metallic and non-metallic impurities, limits of moisture content, volatile and non-volatile matter and lastly residue on ignition have also been dealt with. Each section provides adequate procedural details supported by ample typical examples from the Official Compendia. Chapter 2 embraces the theory and technique of quantitative analysis with specific emphasis on volumetric analysis, volumetric apparatus, their specifications, standardization and utility. It also includes biomedical analytical chemistry, colorimetric assays, theory and assay of biochemicals, such as urea, bilirubin, cholesterol and enzymatic assays, such as alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, salient features of radioimmunoassay and automated methods of chemical analysis. Chapter 3 provides special emphasis on errors in pharmaceutical analysis and their statistical validation. The first aspect is related to errors in pharmaceutical analysis and embodies classification of errors, accuracy, precision and makes... 

The proeess of obtaining quantitative information on a sample using a fast chemieal reaction by reacting with a certain volume of reactant whose concentration is known is called titration. Titration is also called volumetric analysis, which is a type of quantitative chemical analysis. Generally, the titrant (the known solution) is added from a burette to a known quantity of the analyte (the unknown solution) until the reaction is complete. From the added volume of the titrant, it is possible to determine the concentration of the unknown. Often, an indicator is used to detect the end of the reaction, known as the endpoint. 

In chemical analysis, sodium thiosulphate is applicable in various directions. It is frequently of value for the precipitation of metals in the form of sulphides,2 and occasionally provides a convenient method for the separation of two metals, e.g. copper from zinc more especially, however, it finds use as a standard volumetric reagent for iodometric processes, but its use as a standard can even be extended to acidimetry and alkalimetry, the reaction... 

Fajans, K., Newer Methods of Volumetric Chemical Analysis, trans. by... 

The neutralisation of acids with bases provides many valuable volumetric methods of chemical analysis and redox titrations are useful as well. But here we encounter an important difference between acid/base and redox reactions in solution. Acid/base reactions which involve the transfer of protons are very fast indeed they are usually instantaneous for all practical purposes. In protonic solvents, polar H-X bonds are very labile and undergo rapid proton exchange. For example, if B(OH)3 - a very weak acid - is recrystallised from D20, we obtain a fully-deuterated product. Redox reactions, on the other hand, are often very slow under ordinary conditions. To return to the analogy between acid/base and redox titrations, many readers will be familiar with the reaction between permanganate and oxalic acid the reaction is very slow at room temperature and, for titrimetric purposes, should be carried out at about 60 °C. The mechanism whereby a redox reaction takes place tends to be... 

Synthesis of a coordination compound and its chemical analysis beaker, Erlenmeyer flask, evaporating dish, volumetric flask, pipet, analytical balance, testtubes/cuvettes, spectrophotometer... 

Titrimetry — A chemical analysis based on determining the quantity of - titrant that is required to react completely with the - analyte and that is performed by - titration. There are three common types of titrimetry -> volumetric titrimetry, -r gravimetric titrimetry, and -> coulometric titrimetry [i]. 

A variety of physical chemistry experiments require either the preparation of solutions of precisely known concentrations or successive dilutions of a solution to obtain a series of solutions with known concentration ratios. Presented below is a summary of the more important aspects of volumetric methods. Considerably greater detail is available in many standard textbooks on quantitative chemical analysis. ... 

The diammoniate can be identified by means of its x-ray powder diffraction pattern and by chemical analysis. For analysis a sample of the substance is hydrolyzed with 6 N hydrochloric acid for several hours at 90° in a previously evacuated and sealed tube, which is equipped with a breakable side arm allowing gas transfer into the vacuum system. Hydridic hydrogen is measured volumetrically nitrogen and boron are determined by standard acid-base titrations. Anal. Calcd. for [BH2(NH3)2][BH4] hydridic H, 9.80 B, 35.05 N, 45.35. Found hydridic H, 9.74 B, 34.5 N, 45.7. 

VOGEL KOLTHOFF, SANDELL, MEEHAN, and BRUCKENSTEIN I. M. KOLTHOFF and V. STENGER, Volumetric Analysis, vol. II, chaps. 8 and 9, Interscience, New York, 1947 a. a. BENEDETn-piCHLER in Handbook of Analytical Chemistry, L. Meites (ed.), pp. 3-46, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963 h. a. lattinen Chemical Analysis, chap. 12, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960. 

Of the various methods suggested, the two described here enable very small quantities of carbon monoxide to be determined in air. Other methods (gas-volumetric, gravimetric, by combustion, etc.) may be found in the usual books on chemical analysis. 

High Pressure Ion Chromatography is a relatively recent (1975) and immensely significant development of conventional ion exchange chromatography by Small and co-workers of The Dow Chemical Company. This technique has revolutionized instrumental wet chemical analysis in that micro-amounts of an ion or mixtures of ions may be separated and assessed quantitatively in a matter of minutes compared with hours using traditional techniques. Accurate volumetric dispensing methods means that a quantitative analysis of ions may be achieved whatever their initial concentration. 

Chemical analysis a sodium thiosulfate volumetric method for Cu, x-ray fluorescence for Zn, carbon and sulfur analysis (LECO CS-344) and a benzidine hydrochloride precipitation method for S04 X-ray diffraction for the measurement of Cu crystallite size and bulk component analysis scanning electron microscope (Phillip SEM-5Q5) XPS spectrometer (KRATOS XSAM 800). 

Most of the methods in use in clinical chemistry laboratories involve colorimetric analysis in fewer instances volumetric or gravimetric procedures are still retained. It is not the purpose of this review to enter into a discussion of the errors inherent in colorimetric, volumetric, and gravimetric analysis as such for a treatment of this subject the reader is referred to standard works on chemical analysis (e.g., V3). Instead, the review will be confined to those sources of error that are particularly likely to affect the work of a clinical laboratory. These errors arise mainly from the need to perform many analyses on large numbers of samples with a variable degree of urgency, and from the fact that most of these analyses have to be conducted on plasma or semm, which are viscous protein-rich fluids available only in restricted quantities (M12). 

A standard wet chemical analysis (ASTM D-811) is available for determination of aluminum, barium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, silicon, sodium, tin, and zinc. The procedure involves a series of chemical separations with specific elemental analysis performed by using appropriate gravimetric or volumetric analyses. 

Chemical analysis Chemical analyses on suspension or powder samples were performed by a volumetric method (0.05 normal potassium dichromate) following dissolution in hydrochloric acid. The ferrous (Fe2+) content was determined directly. The ferric (Fe3+) content was analyzed via the Zimmermann-Reinhardt (SnCl2 reduction) technique, which gives the total iron. Subtraction of the Fe2+ gives the desired Fe3+ value. The Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio was determined with an accuracy of 0.01. The accuracy of the determination of the total iron was 0.5% of the result. Chloride content was determined by Volhard titration with an accuracy of 5% of the result. Nitrogen content was analyzed with the Nessler method with a relative accuracy of 15%. 

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