Checking the authenticity

GOST 30415 specifies plans for inspection the products of different types and sets formulae for calculation of inspected numbers while applying magnetic inspection. The procedure of random inspection is predetermined to check the authenticity of the correlated relation usage and regulations are introduced to enter data file of non-destructive and parallel tests. 

The usefulness of this nondestructive technique may go further than pigment characterization, and it is proposed as an additional method for checking the authenticity of ancient archaeological artifacts. 

Infrared spectra of known and newly reported compounds are provided in the British Pharmacopoeia (1998) and also in Sadtler Standard Spectra published by Sadder Research Laboratories, Philadelphia (USA) is available to check the authenticity of pure drug samples. 

A combination of coolness and luck enabled Jeanne to weather this dangerous moment. To her relief, both the cardinal and the jewelers were so excited that they made no effort to check the authenticity of the signature, Marie-Antoinette de France, penned clumsily by Retaux on the side of the bill of sale. Neither did they realize that the queen, as an Austrian patriot, never signed herself this way. 

Undoubtedly the techniques available to the oil chemist for checking the authenticity of oils will increase in number and sensitivity. It is likely that variations in trace components, including some such as polyphenolics, hydrocarbons and... 

Aside from this representativity context, it should be point out that when the aim is to classify food products or to build a classification rule to check the authentic origin of samples, they have to be collected very carefully according to a well established sampling plan. Often not enough care is taken about it, and thus is it hardly possible to obtain accurate classification models. 

During the 1950s, Professor W. F. Libby (1908-1980) of the University of Chicago and others worked out a method for determining the age of organic material It is based on the decay rate of carbon-14. The method can be applied to objects from a few hundred up to 50,000 years old. It has been used to determine the authenticity of canvases of Renaissance painters and to check the ages of relics left by prehistoric cave dwellers. 

A host of pharmaceutical substances can be identified and critically examined with the help of infrared spectroscopy. Hence, the latest versions of British Pharmacopoeia (BP) and United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) contain the complete IR-spectrum of such pure pharmaceutical substances that are essentially included in the respective official compendium. These authentic IR-spectra are profusely used in many well-equipped Quality Assurance Laboratories in checking the purity of commercially available drugs before employing them in various formulations. 

The main compounds in honey are glucose and fructose, and their ratio can be used as a check for authenticity regarding their botanical origin [49], as shown for some honeys in Table 19.2. 

If it is a challenge to confirm the authenticity of a herbal extract, it is even more of an analytical challenge in a complex finished product that might contain juice and other ingredients. This means that a manufacturer should check incoming raw materials and that they should be delivered with a certificate of analysis from a reputable laboratory that specialises in this area. 

Photolyses were performed at room temperature using a Nagano Science LT-120 irradiatior equipped with a Toshiba chemical lamp FIR-20S-BL/M (800 mW cm-2). The crystalline samples were packed between two glass plates and placed in the irradiator. The time course of the reaction was checked by HPLC periodically. Irradiation of 1 for 3 h afforded the photoproduct 2 in 100% yield. The pyridine derivatives of 1 and 3 were identified by means of HPLC analyses using photodiode array detection by comparison of the retention time and the UV spectra to those of the authentic samples. 

In general preparative work, the chromatographic techniques cited above may be used (a) to establish the purity and authenticity of starting materials and (if appropriate) reagents (b) to monitor the reaction, particularly in the case of new reactions, or in the optimisation of experimental conditions to achieve the highest possible yield of product (c) to check the isolation and purification procedures (d) to achieve the separation of product mixtures should this not be possible by means of distillation, recrystallisation, or sublimation procedures (e) to provide a further check on the authenticity of the final product in addition to that provided by the comparison of physical constants (e.g. m.p., b.p., d, [a]n, etc.) and spectroscopic data with those quoted in the literature. 

The formol number is checked for authenticity by means of its ratios with proline, ammonia, alpha-amino nitrogen, and amino acid analyses. The malic acid is checked by enzyme and chemical assays. Based on their data, the Subgroup considers the system to be accurate enough to detect a 10% difference between the measured and stated juice concentration. Their data indicate good agreement between six cooperating laboratories. 

A similar mechanism to certificate-based authentication is the authentication of email transport. The authentication of email transport can be checked against the identity of the recipient. The authentication of email users ensures that there is no fraudulent user access to the system. 

A key factor in the QA program is the performance control of the instrumentation. A number of test compounds have been recommended for checking the performance of a GC/MS instrument for the analysis of scheduled chemicals (34). These include DMMP, DMMP-rf9, trimethylphosphate, 2,6-dimethylphenol, 5-chloro-2-methylaniline, tri-n-butylphosphate, dibenzothiophene, malathion, and methyl stearate. DMMP is a moderately polar compound and is considered to be a good test compound for checking the GC performance. The deuterated form is recommended because it does not give cross-contamination in the analysis of authentic samples. However, because no scheduled chemicals can be brought on-site during an inspection, the use of DMMP-<79 has been replaced by trimethylphosphate for on-site analysis. The correctness of the intensity ratios in the El mass spectra can be verified by means of the test compounds with the different isotopic peaks 5-chloro-2-methylaniline... 

Non-refined oils are easier to detect and authenticate than organic oils, though the absence of a small percentage of some refined oil in the product would be difficult to prove. Where unrefined palm oil was adulterated with rapeseed has already been described above. Where an oil is authentic as to its source, but possibly at least partially refined, in order to check its authenticity, it would then be necessary to build up a database of the expected ranges of values for refined and non-refined oils. Chemical and physical techniques that should be checked are ... 

Inter-esterification has many industrial applications such as the production of structured lipids and the manipulation of the physical properties of oils. This method is therefore intended to check the overall genuine authenticity of any commercial olive oil. 

Chapters 6 and 7 focus on techniques used in checking for authenticity. The most useful components for detecting sophisticated adulteration are the minor components. These analyses often produce a mass of data in which a pattern is difficult to detect with an untrained eye. Chemometrics can be utilised to investigate trends and patterns and thus detect non-standard oils which might otherwise be missed. 

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