Charge-coupled device array

U. Heitmann, M. Schutz, H. Becker-Ross and S. Florek, Measurements on the Zeeman-splitting of analytical lines by means of a continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer with a linear charge coupled device array, Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 51, 1996, 1095-1105. 

ZMW detection zone. This fluorescence is detected in real-time by a charge-coupled device array even before the dNTP is chemically incorporated. Once the dNTP is incorporated, the labeled component (the inorganic phosphate) diffuses out of the detection zone and the fluorescence signal drops back to baseline (45—48). SMRT has the capability of producing long reads over 1000 bases and is quite fast, but currently suffers from poor accuracy and a modest scale of reads per sample and samples per run (17) (Figure 2). 

The use of a CCD array for measurement of the absorbance is similar to the use of a diode array. We briefly discuss the important differences. Charge-coupled device arrays have far lower levels of dark noise than diode arrays and proportionally lower levels of readout noise. A research-grade CCD array... 

Bias Frame Image Irame of zero length exposure, designed to measure pixel-to-pixel variation across the charge-coupled device array. 

Although other detector technologies exist, the current detector of choice for virtually all types of dispersive Raman spectroscopy is the silicon CCD (charge-coupled device) array. The CCD array meets more of the desired detector characteristics for Raman spectroscopy than any other currently available detector technology. These characteristics include the following ... 

To measure the rate of dissolution of solutes and rate of chemical reactions in supercritical CO2, Hunt et al. designed a high-pressure fiberoptic cell connected to a CCD (charge-coupled device) array UV-Vis spectrometer (20). The CCD array spectrometer allows rapid measurement of the UV-Vis spectra of solutes (e.g., one spectrum per second) in supercritical CO2. Rate information can be derived from data regarding variation of absorbance with time obtained from the fiberoptic reactor. A schematic diagram of the high-pressure fiberoptic reactor is shown in Figure 2. The fiberoptic reactor was used to measure the rate of formation of metal nanoparticles in a water-in-supercritical CO2 microemulsion (20). The reactor was also used to measure the rate of dissolution of ferrocene in supercritical CO2 (20). 

Sihcon charge coupled devices (CCDs), commonly used in soHd-state video cameras and in research appHcations, are being appHed to low light level spectroscopy appHcations. The main advantage of area array CCDs over linear photodiode detectors is the two-dimensional format, which provides simultaneous measurements of spatial and spectral data. 

The main detectors used in AES today are photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), photodiode arrays (PDAs), charge-coupled devices (CCDs), and vidicons, image dissectors, and charge-injection detectors (CIDs). An innovative CCD detector for AES has been described [147]. New developments are the array detector AES. With modem multichannel echelle spectral analysers it is possible to analyse any luminous event (flash, spark, laser-induced plasma, discharge) instantly. Considering the complexity of emission spectra, the importance of spectral resolution cannot be overemphasised. Table 8.25 shows some typical spectral emission lines of some common elements. Atomic plasma emission sources can act as chromatographic detectors, e.g. GC-AED (see Chapter 4). 

The spectroscopy system uses a dispersive element and a detector which is either a charge-coupled device (CCD) or a diode array. A computer is required for instrument control and for intensive data processing. 

Charge carriers, in silicon-based semiconductors, 22 237-239 Charge control additives, in paper manufacture, 13 116-117 Charge-coupled devices (CCDs), 19 132, 142-143 23 143, 144 26 421 arrays of, 22 267 in chemical analysis, 19 150 color applications of, 19 147 consumer applications of, 19 148 design type and application for,... 

DNA samples are introduced into the 96-capillary array. When the samples are separated through the capillaries, the fragments are irradiated with laser hght. A charge coupled device measures the fluorescence and acts as a multichannel detector. The bases are identifled in order in accordance to the time required for them to reach the laser-detector region. 

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