Detection zones

The most severe fault is the capacity of the machine or the system being protected to feed the fault, and is determined by its fault level as indicated in Tables 13.7 and 13.10. To consider a higher fault level than this, such as of the main power supply, is of little relevance as it would fall outside the detection zone of the CTs and would serve no useful purpose except to further improve the stability level of the protective scheme. 

In Chapter 7, approaches for visualization of zones in chromatograms are discussed, including use of nondestructive and destructive dyeing reagents, fluorescence quenching on layers with a fluorescent indicator, and densitometry. In Chapter 8, additional detection methods, such as those used for biologically active and radioactive zones, as well as the recovery of separated, detected zones by scraping and elution techniques are covered. 

Detection zone(s), given they are free of obstacles and have sufficient depth to allow for adversaries to be detected while attempting unlawful entry... 

A main control and annunciator panel should be installed when the fire alarm system requires more than a single alarm zone. The panel should be installed in the control room or other continuously staffed location. Separate detection zones should be provided for each distinct fire area and identified by a permanent label. A detailed map of the area should also be provided at the annunciator that identifies which zone relates to which annunciator lamp. Systems with more than ten separate zones should be provided with an electric or electroniczone "mimic" panel showingthe location of all alarms on the graphic display of the platform. Basic arrangements of equipment and system design should be in accordance with NFPA 72. A locked main fire panel and control cabinet should be provided. 

The void created by raised panel floors should be provided with smoke detectors and considered as a separate detection zone. The actual design and detection method used depends on several variables including ventilation and routing of electrical/data cables. Passive or active protection may be considered based on the results of a fire hazard analysis. 

FIGURE 6.4 Schematic representation of capillaries with (A) bubble shape, (B) Z-shape, and (C) multire-flective absorption detection zone configuration. The arrow indicates how the light beam travels through the capillary at the detection zone. 

If it is assumed, as the usual paradigm does, that the quantum waves have no real existence, then the predicted intensity at the detection zone is... 

Here is the possibility of a concrete, feasible experiment. This experiment acknowledges that in an ideal experiment, all waves must completely overlap in the detection zone. Of course, in a real experiment, things are slightly different... 

In reality, additional sources of zone broadening include the finite width of the injected band (Equation 23-32), a parabolic flow profile from heating inside the capillary, adsorption of solute on the capillary wall (which acts as a stationary phase), the finite length of the detection zone, and mobility mismatch of solute and buffer ions that leads to nonideal elec-... 

The instrument variables Rs, RB, and Rs + 2RB are used in instrument optimization for example, an improved matching of the laser bandwidth to the HO absorption could increase Rs, a reduction in illumination of walls near the detection zone by ambient light or scattered or diffracted laser light could decrease RB, and an increase in photon collection efficiency could increase (Rs + 2RB). The remaining quantities fav, MAT, SNR, and MDC may be traded off during data processing, but the choice of their values is restricted by the instrument variables. 

ENVISAT Orbital polar ESA satellite to study the atmosphere, oceans, land, and ice, launched on March 1, 2002 and equipped with the spectrometer SCIAMACHY. It has ten measuring systems to monitor global warming, ozone holes, and to detect zones of desertification. 

Figure 1. Experimental HO radical concentration data and model results as a function of added O2 concentration. Initial HO radical concentration - 5 x 1011 /cm3 at the SOj> port, NO2 concentration - 3.3 x 1012 molecule/cm3, SO2 added 115 ms from HO detection zone at concentration -1.1 x 1015 molecule/cm3, NO added 15 ms from HO detection zone at concentration - 1.2 x 1014 molecule/cm3 and 02 added 95 ms from HO detection zone at concentrations 0 - 2.2 x 10 5 molecule/cm3. The curves show the effect of varying the HOSO2 + O2 rate constant upper - 8.0 x Iff13 cm3/s, middle - 4.0 x 10"13 cm3/s and lower -2.0 x 10"13 cm3/s.

Figure 2 shows the results for a similar set of experiments in which the initial HO radical concentration was about 4.5 x 1011 /cm3 at the S02 port, the initial N02 concentration was 33 x 1012 molecule/cm3, the S02 concentration was 1.0 x 1015 molecule/cm3, the NO concentration was 1.1 x 1014 molecule/cm3 and the 02 concentration was between 0 and 2.0 x 1015 molecule/cm3. This time the NO was added about 135 ms upstream of the HO detection zone. Under these conditions the observed signal will be affected by both the reaction of the HO radical with NO and by the reaction of H0S02 with NO. The HO radical concentration at the detector is only about 0.5 x 1010/cm3 in the absence of added 0 , rising to about 13 x 1010/cnP when the O2 concentration exceeds about 1 x 10 molecule/cm3. 

SMRT sequencer is a variation on SBS using a sequencing chip containing thousands of zero-mode waveguide (ZMW) detectors each with a single DNA polymerase attached at the bottom of its detection zone. First, fluorescent markers specific to each type of dNTP are attached to terminal phosphates. Next the sequencing reaction is initiated, and each labeled dNTP to be incorporated diffuses into the vicinity of the DNA polymerase within the... 

ZMW detection zone. This fluorescence is detected in real-time by a charge-coupled device array even before the dNTP is chemically incorporated. Once the dNTP is incorporated, the labeled component (the inorganic phosphate) diffuses out of the detection zone and the fluorescence signal drops back to baseline (45—48). SMRT has the capability of producing long reads over 1000 bases and is quite fast, but currently suffers from poor accuracy and a modest scale of reads per sample and samples per run (17) (Figure 2). 

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