Identification and characterization

Shaw, C.F. Ill, Schmitz, G., Thompson, H.O. and Wifkiewicz, O. (1979) Bis(l-cysteinato)gold(I) chemical characterization and identification in renal cortical cytoplasm. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 10, 317-330. 

McGlynn JA (1974) A review of techniques for the characterization and identification of oil spillages. In Examination of waters, evaluation of methods for selected characteristics. Resource council technical paper no. 8, pp 85-89... 

Poland A, Teitelbaum P, Glover E. 1989. [1251]2-lodo-3,7,8-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-binding species in mouse liver induced by agonists for the Ah receptor Characterization and identification. Mol Pharmacol 36(1 ) 113-120. 

Characterization and identification of fluoride removal methods for use when processing nerve agent GB. 

J. Brange, O. Hallund, E. Sorensen, Chemical Stability of Insulin. 5. Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Insulin Transformation Products , Acta Pharm. Nordica 1992, 4, 223-232. 

Brouette-Lahlou, I., Amouroux, R., Chastrette, F., et al. (1991). Dodecyl propionate, attractant from rat preputial gland characterization and identification. Journal of Chemical Ecology 17,1343-1345. 

Carr, W. E. S. (1976). Chemoreception and feeding behavior in the pigfish, Orthopris-tis chrysopterus characterization and identification of stimulatory substances in a shrimp extract. Comparative Biochemical Physiology 55A, 153-157. 

Carr, W. and Chaney, T. B. (1976). Chemical stimulation of feeding behavior in the pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides characterization and identification of stimulatory substances extracted from shrimp. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 54A, 437-441. 

To facilitate our understanding of gene function, large-scale analyses of proteins are also necessary. Proteomics is currently divided into three main areas (1) mass spectrometry for characterization and identification of proteins (2) differential display proteomics for comparison of protein levels and (3) studies of protein-protein interaction by using the yeast two-hybrid system or phage display technology. 

The sugar osazones usually are crystalline and are useful for characterization and identification of sugars. Fischer employed them in his work that established the configuration of the sugars. The kind of information that can be obtained is illustrated by the following example ... 

FAB and LSIMS are matrix-mediated desorption techniques that use energetic particle bombardment to simultaneously ionize samples like carotenoids and transfer them to the gas phase for mass spectrometric analysis. Molecular ions and/or protonated molecules are usually abundant and fragmentation is minimal. Tandem mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation (CID) may be used to produce abundant structurally significant fragment ions from molecular ion precursors (formed using FAB or any suitable ionization technique) for additional characterization and identification of chlorophylls and their derivatives. Continuous-flow FAB/LSIMS may be interfaced to an HPLC system for high-throughput flow-injection analysis or on-line LC/MS. 

The determination of polyphenolics may result in interference due to co-elution of phenolic acids and procyanidins. This problem can be eliminated by fractionation of polyphenolics into acidic and neutral polyphenolics prior to sample injection into the HPLC system. Because the fractionation techniques effectively improve the resolution of many polyphenolic peaks in the reversed-phase HPLC system, it is suggested that further characterization and identification of unknown peaks be conducted by additional methods such as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. 

Better separations of complex anthocyanin mixtures can be expected through the use of micro-HPLC and newly developed stationary phases. The quantification of individual anthocyanins will be improved by an increased application of pure anthocyanin standards. By direct combination of HPLC with MS, a new avenue in online characterization and identification of anthocyanins is opened, albeit limited by the high costs (201). 

Further improvements of HPLC separations can be expected through the use of newly developed columns (e.g., microcolumn) and stationary phases (e.g., microbore material), which lower the required sample volume and the consumption of solvents. Online characterization and identification of eluted pigments will be improved through the employment of more sophisticated de-... 

Data from electrophoresis is normally recorded photographically. Densitometry may also be performed on the stained gel or bands may be excised/eluted for further analysis (Mayer et al., 1998). The bands may also be isolated from the gels by blotting methods such as electroblotting (McSweeney et al., 1994 O Malley et al., 2000) or immunoblotting (Addeo et al., 1995 Moio et al., 1992) for further characterization and identification. All of the electrophoretic methods, to a certain extent, provide good quality data. But due to the difficulty in quantitative analysis, very few examples are available on the quantification of protein fractions using... 

Van Gijzel, P. Characterization and identification of kerogen and determination of thermal maturation by means of qualitative and quantitative microscopical techniques, in How to assess maturation and paleotemperatures (eds. Staplin, F. L. et al.) SEPM Short Course 7, p. 91, Tulsa OK, SEPM 1982... 

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