Characteristics lithium type, primary

Typical voltage characteristics on medium load for a lithium type (lithium-sulphur dioxide) battery is compared with those for other types of primary battery in Figure 9.4. The outstandingly higher voltage of the lithium system is apparent. 

The n.m.r. characteristics of the isopropylidene acetals of the four possible types of ring A primary, secondary 1,3-glycol systems, exemplified by serratriol (178), lycoclavanol (179), methyl hederagenate (180), and methyl 3-epihederagenate (181), have been tabulated, and provide a useful means of differentiation.132 The reactions of the primary monotosylates of these four types provide further confirmation of stereochemistry.133 With potassium t-butoxide the cis types (178) and (181) afforded oxetans whereas the trans types (179) and (180) were converted into A-seco-aldehydes (182). Appreciable amounts of alkyl oxygen fission products were obtained on lithium aluminium hydride reduction of the monotosylates of (178), (180), and (181), presumably via participation of the 3-hydroxy-group, e.g. (183). 

Size, weight, capacity, and power density are the primary selection considerations for batteries in externally powered prosthetic design applications. The most popular types of rechargeable batteries in use in prosthetics today are nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH), and lithium-ion (Li-ion). Li-ion is fast becoming the chemistry of choice because of its high capacity-to-size (weight) ratio and low self-discharge characteristic. 

Lithium primary batteries are a comparatively new type of primary battery. Since they were first introduced, however, they have found a variety of applications, mainly in consumer uses. Lithium batteries have the lightweight properties of lithium, such as low specific gravity (0.53) and low potential (-3.0 V vs NHE), and by using a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, they have the following superior characteristics ... 

Several types of primary batteries have been developed that use lithium-metal anodes and solid cathodes. This entry reviews the more common commercial systems, namely Li-FeS2, Li-MnOa, and Li-CFx- Readers are referred to the relevant sections for information on Li-V20s and Li-Ag2V40ii cells that are used for reserve and medical battery applications, respectively. There has been a wide range of cathodes developed in the laboratory and also marketed for specialty applications [1], but most have never been produced commercially. (Li-CuO cells were made for some military applications [2], but production was discontinued in the mid-1990s). Before going into details on the aforementioned three types mostly used in consumer applications, we will cover the main characteristics that they have in common. 

Table 6.6 is a summary, albeit simplified, of criteria that should be considered in making a preliminary determination of the type of battery—primary or secondary—to be used. It is most applicable to comparing the conventional systems and lithium primary batteries. As pointed out in Sec. 6.4, the characteristics of the rechargeable lithium batteries may difference from these generalizations. 

Lithium primary batteries can be classified into several categories, based on the type of electrolyte (or solvent) and cathode material used. These classifications, examples of materials that were considered or used, and the major characteristics of each are listed in Table 14.1. 

A listing of the major lithium primary batteries now in production or advanced development and a summary of their constmctional features, key electrical characteristics, and available sizes are presented in Table 14.6. The types of batteries, their sizes, and some characteristics are subject to change depending on design, standardization, and market development. Manufacturers data should be obtained for specific characteristics. The performance characteristics of these systems, under theoretical conditions, are given in Table 14.4. Comparisons of the performance of the lithium batteries with comparably sized conventional primary batteries are covered in Secs. 6.4 and 7.3. Detailed characteristics of some of these batteries are covered in Secs. 14.5 to 14.12. 

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