Character string

The ROSDAL (Representation of Organic Structures Description Arranged Linearly) syntax was developed by S. Welford, J. Barnard, and M.F. Lynch in 1985 for the Beilstein Institute. This line notation was intended to transmit structural information between the user and the Beilstein DIALOG system (Beilstein-Ohlme) during database retrieval queries and structure displays. This exchange of structure information by the ROSDAL ASCII character string is very fast. 

Compared with WLN and ROSDAL, SMILES uses only six basic rules to convert a structure into a character string (Table 2-2). 

Trivial or trade namc.s can be stored and searched as character strings. Their use is the simplest and most intuitive way of storing chemical information. However, being not subject to strict rules, their formation does not reflect accurately the molecular composition. Hence, the structure of the searched compound cannot be derived from them. Thus, a name such as "Flexricin does not tell the user very much. Furthermore, many more than one trivial or trade name for a given compound usually exist. 

WRITE(variable list) —Can also output a character string by placing it, enclosed by single quotes, inside the parentheses a field (a format for output) may be assigned to a data item as... 

Clinical trial data come to the statistical programmer in two basic forms numeric variables and character string (text) variables. With this in mind, there are two considerations for all numeric and text variables. All data should be cleaned if they are needed for analyses, and any data entered asfree-text variables should be coded or categorized if they are needed for analyses. 

The autosampler required a RS232 communication at 9600 baud using ASCII character strings in a question-and-answer manner. The density device (Anton Paar) communicated at 2400 baud and a complete data buffer of information was transmitted. The computer program was designed to select and validate data for each measurement. Finally, the refractive index instrument had to be strobed to provide data using an RS232 interface at 1200 baud. 

B13 - B16 These cells contain character strings that indicate the meaning of the rows of numbers that follow. Specifically, rh stands for the nondimensional radius fj, rh-jmh stands for fy-1/2, rh jph stands for fj+i/2, and rh-rh in stands for fj — rm. These cells are just reminders—they are not defined or used as indirect variable names. 

Password A character string used to authenticate an identity. Knowledge of the password that is associated with a userff) is considered proof of authorization to use the capabilities associated with that userff) (CSC-STD-002-85). 

The names should be linear character strings, to permit lexicographic... 

Special function keys, such as those in some word processing systems are a hybrid of both of the above. The keys can either represent commands or a form of interactive menu depending on your point of view. In some of the Hewlett-Packard terminals the split between functions is clearer. Keys located under the face of the screen can be used for menu selection, while others can be programmed to enter preset commands (when a key is struck, it causes a user defined character string to be sent to the system). 

Finally, many chemometricians use matrices. Matlab (see Section A.5) is better than Excel for developing sophisticated matrix based algorithms, but for simple applications the matrix operations of Excel can also be translated into VBA. As discussed in Section A.4.4.2, this is somewhat awkward, but for the specialist programmer there is a simple trick, which is to break down the matrix expression into a character string. Strings can be concatenated using die sign. Therefore, the expression... 

OCR (Govindan and Shivaprasad 1990) is performed on connected components previously classified as characters. At this stage, individual characters are assembled into character strings based on XY coordinates that is, the XY positions of various individual characters are compared, and character strings are assembled based primarily on adjacency of the coordinates. 

Individual characters are assembled into character strings based on the adjacency of the coordinates. The implementation can also handle subscripts and superscripts. 

Graph compilation is the process of interpreting the remaining vector data—after eliminating vectors associated with characters or character strings identified in the preceding step—into a connection table. It is divided into five steps ... 

Each character string resulting from the OCR processing is defined as a node. 

The remaining vectors, that is, those not belonging to a character string or dashed line, are assumed to represent bonds. The list of these remaining vectors is examined to determine whether either end of any vector is near a character string-defined node. If it is, then it is attached to that node if not, a new node is created at the end of the vector. 

The identified character strings (e.g., CH3) are parsed to map them into connection tables and detect their points of attachment to the rest of the structure. If a string cannot be associated with a node of the structure, the process looks for another string located above or underneath it. A string with no connection table is ignored and deleted from the connection table. 

Regular expressions specify a set of character strings and are useful for pattern matching. In the context of an MSA, regular expressions can be used to define,... 

In contrast to the character string searches that were done on the full articles in the CJACS and CJWILEY databases, a different method of counting was used with MMCC Results. The newsletter usually indicates which of the... 

Fui a pre-programmed code for the<. transformation of values (mathematical or statistical functions) or selectiop. of text" characters (string functions).. ... 

You can use wildcard characters in text criteria. The wildcard character represents any single character, the character represents any number of characters. Thus, for example, the criterion phen will extract, from a database of chemicals, any entry that contains the character string "phen", such as phenol, 1,10-phenanthroline and benzophenone. 

Schemas are a newer development on the XML landscape. Like a DTD, a schema supplies the rules for building a document and indicates what tags may be used, what their attributes are, and how they relate to one another. Unlike a DTD, however, a schema has an additional level of specificity in that it can define data types. For example, a DTD might have a tag designated as , the content of which might be either numerical or a character string. A schema, by contrast, could ensure that the value entered was a number. This is clearly an appealing feature for the pharmaceutical industry, especially in the case of information exchange between databases or other applications making use of rigidly defined data types.

The first example is the Levenhstein distance [Levenshtein 1966] between two character strings. It computes the minimal number of operations costs needed to transform one source string into the target string, where an operation is an insertion, deletion or substitution of a single character. Each operation may have a different cost. For instance, a substitution can have a cost equal to 2, while insertions and deletions may cost 1. Users can tune these costs according to their needs. 

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