Chapman

Some nitriles that are otherwise resistant may be hy drolysed by heating at 120 90 per cent sulphuric acid (20-30 parts). The resulting amide is convertedTnto the acid by means of nitrous acid (cf. following section). Unhydrolysable nitriles have also been described.  

The amido group is determined by hydrolysis, in a similar manner to the nitrile group (preceding section). 

The method employed for the hydrolysis of very stable amides is best illustrated by its application to the prep- 

8o°-90° finally the tube is heated in boiling water for 3 4 minutes, but not longer. When cool, ice is added to the liquid, the precipitated solid collected, and purified by solution in dilute sodium hydroxide and precipi- 

10 per cent) added (1.5-2 mol. for each CO.NHj group). The boiling is continued until gas evolution ceases.  

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Chapman, R.K., "A system model for the ultrasonic inspection of smooth planar cracks", J. Nondestruct. Eval., 1990,9, 197-211. 

Chapman R.K., Ultrasonic scatteringjrom smooth flat cracks summary note on an elastodynamic Kirchhoff theory, CEGB Report, North Western Region NDTapplications Centre, NWR/SSD/82/0091/N (July 1982). 

Several features of the behavior of the Gouy-Chapman equations are illus-... 

The Gouy-Chapman treatment of the double layer runs into difficulties at small Kx values when is large. For example, if is 300 mV, yo is 12 and if Co is, say, 10" mol/1, then the local concentration of negative ions near the surface, given by Eq. V-1, would be C = = 160 mol/1 The trouble... 

Assume is -25 mV for a certain silica surface in contact with O.OOlAf aqueous NaCl at 25°C. Calculate, assuming simple Gouy-Chapman theory (a) at 200 A from the surface, (b) the concentrations of Na and of Cr ions 10 A from the surface, and (c) the surface charge density in electronic charges per unit area. 

Derive the general equation for the differential capacity of the diffuse double layer from the Gouy-Chapman equations. Make a plot of surface charge density tr versus this capacity. Show under what conditions your expressions reduce to the simple Helmholtz formula of Eq. V-17. 

P. R. Thornton, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Chapman and Hall, 1968. See also Scanning Electron Microscopy Systems and Applications, The Institute of Physics, London, 1973. 

Stahlberg has presented models for ion-exchange chromatography combining the Gouy-Chapman theory for the electrical double layer (see Section V-2) with the Langmuir isotherm (. XI-4) [193] and with a specific adsorption model [194]. 

G. H. Osborn, Synthetic Ion Exchangers, 2nd ed.. Chapman and Hall, London, 1961. 

Chemical properties of deposited monolayers have been studied in various ways. The degree of ionization of a substituted coumarin film deposited on quartz was determined as a function of the pH of a solution in contact with the film, from which comparison with Gouy-Chapman theory (see Section V-2) could be made [151]. Several studies have been made of the UV-induced polymerization of monolayers (as well as of multilayers) of diacetylene amphiphiles (see Refs. 168, 169). Excitation energy transfer has been observed in a mixed monolayer of donor and acceptor molecules in stearic acid [170]. Electrical properties have been of interest, particularly the possibility that a suitably asymmetric film might be a unidirectional conductor, that is, a rectifier (see Refs. 171, 172). Optical properties of interest include the ability to make planar optical waveguides of thick LB films [173, 174]. 

The Chapman-Enskog solution of the Boltzmaim equation [112] leads to the following expressions for the transport coefficients. The viscosity of a pure, monatomic gas can be written as... 

Chapman S and Cowling T G 1970 The Mathematical Theory of Non-uniform Gases 3rd edn (London Cambridge University Press)... 

The zeroth-order solution to the above equations is tire Gotiy-Chapman theory dating from the early part of the 20th cenPiry [20], In this solution, the ionic aPnosphere is ignored, as is the mirror image potential for the ion. Equation A2.4.90 can therefore be ignored and equation A2.4.89 reduces to... 

Gotiy-Chapman theory. Clearly, if zeQ (h)IAkT is small then ( )(v) h) potential decays... 

A3.1.3.2 THE CHAPMAN-ENSKOG NORMAL SOLUTIONS OF THE BOLTZMANN EQUATION... 

Shampine S 1994 Numerical Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations (New York Chapman and Hall)... 

Farreii B, Baiiey A i and Chapman D 1995 Experimentai phase changes at the mica-siiver interface iiiustrate the experimentai accuracy of the centrai fiim thickness in a symmetricai three-iayer interferometer App/. Opt. 34 2914-20... 

Peiser FI S 1960 X-Ray Diffraction by Poiycrystaiiine Materiais (London Chapman and Flail)... 

Drickamer H G and Frank C W 1973 Electronic Transitions and the High-Pressure Chemistry and Physics of Solids (London Chapman and Haii)... 

When ions move under equilibrium conditions in a gas and an external electric field, the energy gained from the electric field E between collisions is lost to the gas upon collision so that the ions move with a constant drift speed v = KE. The mobility K of ions of charge e in a gas of density N is given in tenns of the collision integral by the Chapman-Enskog fomuila [2]... 

Recently, the state-selective detection of reaction products tluough infrared absorption on vibrational transitions has been achieved and applied to the study of HF products from the F + H2 reaction by Nesbitt and co-workers (Chapman et al [7]). The relatively low sensitivity for direct absorption has been circumvented by the use of a multi-pass absorption arrangement with a narrow-band tunable infrared laser and dual beam differential detection of the incident and transmission beams on matched detectors. A particular advantage of probing the products tluough absorption is that the absolute concentration of the product molecules in a given vibration-rotation state can be detenuined. 

Chapman W B, Blackman B W, Nizkorodov S and Nesbitt D J 1998 Quantum-state resolved reactive scattering of F + H2 in supersonic jets Nascent HF(v,J) rovibrational distributions via IR laser direct absorption methods J. Chem. Rhys. 109 9306-17... 

Fleer G J, Cohen Stuart M A, Scheutjens J M H M, Cosgrove T and Vincent B 1993 Polymers at Interfaces (London Chapman and Hall) Rowlinson J S and Widoni B 1982 Molecular Theory of Capillarity (Oxford Clarendon)... 

Chapman J A and Tabor D 1957 An electron diffraction study of retracted monolayers Proc. R. See. A 242 96-107... 

Lercei M J, Tiberio R C, Chapman P F, Craighead H G, Sheen C W, Parikh A N and Aiiara D L 1993 Seif-assembied monoiayer eiectron-beam resists on GaAs and Si02 J. Vac. Sc/. Technoi. B 11 2823-8... 

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