Chalcones biochemical

AKIYAMA, T SHIBUYA, M., LIU, H.M., EBIZUKA, Y. p-Coumaroyltriacetic acid synthase, a new homologue of chalcone synthase, from Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii, Eur. J. Biochem., 1999, 263, 834-839. 

SUH, D.Y., KAGAMI, J., FUKUMA, K., SANKAWA, U., Evidence for catalytic cysteine-histidine dyad in chalcone synthase, Biochem. Biophy. Res. Comm., 2000, 275, 725-730. 

MORITA, H., TAKAHASHI, Y., NOGUCHI, H., ABE, I., Enzymatic formation of unnatural aromatic polyketides by chalcone synthase, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 2000,279,190-195. 

SPRINGOB, K., LUKACIN, R., ERNWEIN, C., GRONING, I., MATERN, U Specificities of functionally expressed chalcone and acridone synthases from Ruta graveolens, Eur. J. Biochem., 2000,267,6552-6559. 

C. Morisseau, G. Du, J. W. Newman, B. D. Hammock, Mechanism of Mammalian Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase by Chalcone Oxide Derivatives , Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1998, 356, 214 - 228 C. Morisseau, M. H. Goodrow, D. Dowdy, J. Zheng, J. F. Greene, J. R. Sanborn, B. D. Hammock, Potent Urea and Carbamate Inhibitors of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolases , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1999, 96, 8849 - 8854. 

Although it has long been thought, based on genetic mutant and biochemical evidence, that aurones are derived from chalcones, the biosynthetic mechanism has only recently been clarified, and some aspects of the enzymatic process still await in vivo proof An mRNA from A. majns, specifically expressed in the petal epidermal cells, has been shown to encode a recombinant protein with aureusidin synthase (AUS) activity.AUS is a variant polyphenol oxidase (PPO) that can catalyze conversion of either 2, 4, 6, 4-etrahydroxychalcone (naringenin chalcone) or 2, 4, 6, 3,4-pentahydroxychalcone to... 

Joung, J.Y. et al., An overexpression of chalcone reductase of Pueraria montana var. lobata alters biosynthesis of anthocyanin and 5 -deoxyflavonoids in transgenic tobacco. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Common., 303, 326, 2003. 

Welle, R. and Schroder, J., Expression cloning in Escherichia coli and preparative isolation of the reductase coacting with chalcone synthase during the key step in the biosynthesis of soybean phytoalexins. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 293, 377, 1992. 

Coe, E.H., McCormick, S., and Modena, S.A., White pollen in maize, J. Hered., 83, 11, 1981. Mo, Y., Nagel, C., and Taylor, L.P., Biochemical complementation of chalcone synthase mutants defines a role for flavonols in functional pollen, Proc. Nat. Acad. Scl USA, 89, 7213, 1992. Ylstra, B. et al., Flavonols stimulate development, germination, and tube growth of tobacco pollen, Plant Physiol, 100, 902, 1992. 

Murakami, A. et al., Chalcone tetramers, lophirachalcone and alatachalcone, from Lophira alata as possible anti-tumor promoters, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 56, 769, 1992. 

Hrazdina G, Zobel AM, Hoch HC. 1987. Biochemical, immunological, and immuno-cytochemical evidence for the association of chalcone synthase with endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84 8966-8970. 

Mo Y, Nagel C, Taylor LP. 1992. Biochemical complementation of chalcone synthase mutants defines a role for flavonols in functional pollen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 7213-7217. 

Suh DY, Fukuma K, Kagami J, Yamazaki Y, Shibuya M, Ebizuka Y, Sankawa U (2000) Identification of amino acid residues important in the cyclization reactions of chalcone and stilbene synthases. Biochem J 350 229-235... 

Cell line selection is one of the traditional and effective approaches to enhancing metabolite accumulation, and biochemical studies provide the fundamental information for the intentional regulation of secondary metabolism in plant cells. In a carrot suspension culture regulated by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyace-tic acid, Ozeki et al. [7] found that there was a correlation between anthocyanin synthesis and morphological differentiation for somatic embryogenesis they also demonstrated the induction and repression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase correlated with formation of the respective mRNAs. Two biosynthetic enzymes, i. e., PAL and 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, were also related with shikonin formation in Lithospermum erythro-rhizon cultures [8]. 

Morisseau C, Du G, Newman JW, Hammock BD. Mechanism of mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition by chalcone oxide derivatives. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998 356 214-28. 

Frohlich, D.R., Burris, T.E. and Brindley, W.A. (1989). Characterization of glutathione -transferases in a solitary bee. Megachile rotundata (Fab.) (Hym. Megachilidae), and inhibition by chalcones, flavone, quercitin and tridiphane-diol. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 94B, 661-665. 

Iwashina, T. Kitajima, J. Shiuchi, T. Itou, Y. Chalcones and other flavonoids from Asarum sensu lato (Aristolochiaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2005, 33, 571-584. 

Laser-aided interfaces find applications in fundamental studies in physical chemistry (see Section 4.2.1). However, they can also be used in the monitoring of environmental matrices as well as chemical and biochemical reactions (MA)LDI-MS is the most prominent example (Section 4.2.2). Moreover, laser beams can be introduced into canonical ion sources such as ESI to enable efficient transfer of microscale aliquots of solid or liquid matrices to the ionization zone. Along these lines, Cheng et al. [143] used electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization (ELDI) to monitor epoxidation of chalcone in ethanol, chelation of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid with copper and nickel ions in aqueous solution, chelation of 1,10-phenanthroline with iron(II) in methanol, and... 

The precursors of flavonoid biosynthesis include shikimic acid, phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, and p-coumaric acid. Shikimic acid acts as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic acid. The basic pathways to the core isoflavonoid skeletons have been established both enzymatically and genetically [16]. The synthesis of isoflavones can be broadly divided into three main synthetic pathways the formylation of deoxybenzoins, the oxidative rearrangement of chalcones and flavanones, and the arylation of a preformed chromanone ring. In leguminous plants, the major isoflavonoids are produced via two branches of the isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathway, and the different branches share a majority of common reactions [1]. Unlike the common flavonoid compotmds, which have a 2-phenyl-benzopyrone core structure, isoflavones, such as daidzein and genistein, are 3-phenyl-benzopyrone compounds. Biochemically, the synthesis of isoflavones is an offshoot of the flavonoids biosynthesis pathway. Several attempts have aimed to increase... 

Yamamoto T, Yoshimura M, Yamaguchi F, Kouchi T, Tsuji R, Saito M, Obata A, Kikuchi M (2004) Anti-allergic activity of naringenin chalcone from a tomato skin extract. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 68 1706... 

Lee SH, Seo GS, Kim HS, Woo SW, Ko G, Sohn DH (2006) 2, 4, 6 -Tris(methoxymethoxy) chalcone attenuates hepatic stellate cell proliferation by a heme oxygenase-dependent pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 72 1322... 

Schroder, G., Brown, J.W.S. and Schroder, J. (1988) Molecular analysis of resveratrol synthase cDNA genomic clones and relationship with chalcone synthase. Eur. J. Biochem., 172,161-169. 

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