Anthocyanins synthesis

TOGURI, T., UMEMOTO, N., KOBAYASHI, O., OHTANI, T., Activation of anthocyanin synthesis genes by white light in eggplant hypocotyl tissues, and identification of an inducible P-450 cDNA, Plant. Mol. Biol., 1993, 23, 933-46. 

Species That Produce Pigments in Response to Ozone. Ozone causes pigment changes in many plant species. Chlorophyll degradation occurs and chlorosis results. In one plant, Rumex crispus L., chlorophyll concentrations did not decrease but anthocyanin synthesis was increased after exposure to ozone ( ). 

El-Kereamy, A. et al., Exogenous ethylene stimulates the long term expression of genes related to the anthocyanin synthesis in grape berries. Physiol. Plant 119, 1, 2003. 

Hashimoto, T., Shichijo, C., and Yatsuhashi, H., Ultraviolet action spectra for the induction and inhibition of anthocyanin synthesis in broom sorghum seedlings, J. Photochem. Photobiol. R, 11, 353, 1991. 

In summary, anthocyanin biosynthesis in maize requires a combination of R1 and Cl or B and PI, in addition to functional structural genes. The R1 and Cl combination is necessary for anthocyanin biosynthesis in the seeds, whereas the B and PI combination stipulates anthocyanin synthesis in the vegetative parts of the plant. A range of modifications to this general model, such as tissue-specific deposition or light-dependent deposition, exists as a consequence of the availability of numerous mutant alleles. 

Weiss D. 2000. Regulation of flower pigmentation and growth Multiple signaling pathways control anthocyanin synthesis in expanding petals. Physiol Plant 110 152-157. 

Cell line selection is one of the traditional and effective approaches to enhancing metabolite accumulation, and biochemical studies provide the fundamental information for the intentional regulation of secondary metabolism in plant cells. In a carrot suspension culture regulated by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyace-tic acid, Ozeki et al. [7] found that there was a correlation between anthocyanin synthesis and morphological differentiation for somatic embryogenesis they also demonstrated the induction and repression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase correlated with formation of the respective mRNAs. Two biosynthetic enzymes, i. e., PAL and 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, were also related with shikonin formation in Lithospermum erythro-rhizon cultures [8]. 

This enzyme catalyzes the stereospecific conversion of the (2R, JR)-dihydroflavonols, DHK and DHQ, to the corresponding flavonols, by introducing a double bond between C-2 and C-3. The enzyme was first reported in parsley cell cultures,58 and later shown to occur in several plant species.7 A cDNA clone encoding FLS was isolated from Petunia hybridal and its antisense expression strongly reduced flavonol synthesis in flower petals, thus allowing a higher flux of dihydroflavonols to be channeled towards anthocyanin synthesis.59... 

Raspberries accumulate a variety of flavonoid and aroma compounds that derive from PKS type III reactions (Borejsza-Wysocki and Hrazdina, 1996, Zheng et al., 2001). CHS produces precursors for flavonol, flavandiol and anthocyanin synthesis. Benzalacetone synthase (BAS) carries out a single condensation step in the synthesis of p-hydroxybenzalacetone, the precursor of raspberry ketone, that is responsible for the characteristic aroma of raspberries. To understand the role of the type III PKS during the ripening of fruits, we cloned and characterized five type III PKS genes/gene products and discuss then-properties below. 

Several authors have reported a stimulating effect of light on the postharvest colour development of non fully coloured berries [176]. The influence of postharvest light and temperature conditions on colour development in Kent strawberries has been described at two temperatimes 00 and 20 C) [177]. Colour development for white berries was greatest in the light, and at 20 C compared to 10 C, A pronounced stimulation of anthocyanin synthesis in light was observed for white and pink berries stored at 20 C and for red berries stored at 10°C. 

Table 2 shows that the inhibitory effect of AOA is not specific for anthocyanin synthesis the synthesis of rather all phenylpropanoid compounds known to accumulate in buckwheat hypocotyls upon illumination (Scherf and Zenk, 1967) is blocked to more or less the same degree. AOA-mediated inhibition of anthocyanin synthesis in buckwheat is reversed by the simultaneous application only of compounds, which are known to be intermediates... 

Inhibition by AOPP of anthocyanin synthesis in flowers of Catharanthus roseus. Cuttings were placed either in water (right) or 0.5 mM AOPP(left) 5 days prior to the opening of the flowers. 

Sakurai, M., Morn, T. (1996). Stimulation of anthocyanin synthesis by conditioned medium produced by strawberry suspension cultures. Journal of Plant Physiology, 149, 599-604. 

Zhang, W., Seki, M., Fumsaki, S., Middelberg, A. P. J. (1998). Anthocyanin synthesis, growth and nutrient uptake in suspension cultures of strawberry cells. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 86, 72-78. 

Dihydroflavonols or their glycosides that accumulated in white flowered mutants were supplied to acceptor mutants that were blocked in the synthesis of dihydroflavonols (Stich and Forkmann, 1988). This led to anthocyanin synthesis in the acceptor mutant. For example, white-flowered mutants of Petunia hybrida accumulate dihydroquercetin 7-0-gluco-side, dihydroquercetin 4 -(9-glucoside, dihydroquercetin,... 

Faragher JD, Chalmers DJ (1977) Regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in apple skin. III. Involvement of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Aust J Plant Physiol 4 133-141... 

Kataoka, I, Kubo Y, Sugiura A, Tomana T (1983) Changes in L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and anthocyanin synthesis during berry ripening of diree grape cultivars. J Jpn Soc Hortic Sci 52 273-279... 

Petroni K, Tonelli C (2011) Recent advances rat the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in... 

Close, D.C. Beadle, C.L. (2005). Xanthophyll-cycle dynamics and rapid induction of anthocyanin synthesis in Eucalyptus nitens seedlings transferred to photoinhibitory conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology, 162, 37-46. 

Kho K F F, Bennink G J H, Wiering H 1975 Anthocyanin synthesis in a white flowering mutant of Petunia hybridia by a complementation technique. Planta 127 271-279... 

Fig. 6, Transformation in petunia. Seedlings of a white flowering mutant are treated with DNA from a red flowering wild type. Several of the treated mutants subsequently develop red blossoms. This capacity to form red pigment (anthocyanin) is maintained throughout subsequent sexual reproduction and vegetative growth. As a control, white flowering mutants were treated with their own DNA. They continue to produce white blossoms, except in a few cases where external factors, beyond experimental control, have induced slight anthocyanin synthesis. Synthesis of anthocyanin so induced is not maintained by subsequent generations.

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