Ceramics classification

The solid-state chemistry chapter uses color illustrations of crystalline unit cells and digital photos of models to clarify their structures. This edition features more archetypical unit cells and includes fundamental principles of X-ray crystallography and band theory. In addition, the ample amorphous-solids section has been expanded to include more details regarding zeolite syntheses, as well as ceramics classifications and their biomaterial applications. Sections on sol-gel techniques and cementitious materials also remain, which are largely left out of most solid-state textbooks. 

ISR/ UMMAS Unified Classification Schemefor Advanced Ceramics, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 1993. 

Because membranes appHcable to diverse separation problems are often made by the same general techniques, classification by end use appHcation or preparation method is difficult. The first part of this section is, therefore, organized by membrane stmcture preparation methods are described for symmetrical membranes, asymmetric membranes, ceramic and metal membranes, and Hquid membranes. The production of hollow-fine fiber membranes and membrane modules is then covered. Symmetrical membranes have a uniform stmcture throughout such membranes can be either dense films or microporous. 

DCMA Classification and Chemical Description of the Mixed Metal Oxide Inorganic ColoredPigments, 2nd ed.. Metal Oxides and Ceramic Colors... 

Yap, C. T. and Y. Hua (1992), Geographical classification of Chinese white porcelain, in Li Jiazhi and Chen Xianqui (eds.), Proc. 1992 lnt. Symp. Science and Technology of Ancient Ceramics, Shanghai. 

Composite interfaces, ceramic—matrix composites, 5 558-561 Composite liner, in landfills, 25 877 Composite material coatings, 14 105 Composite materials, 13 533 26 750-785. See also Composites advanced materials in, 1 693 classification by geometry, 26 752-755 classification by matrix material,... 

Charters, S., Evershed, R. P., Goad, L. J., et al. (1993). Quantification and distribution of lipid in archaeological ceramics implications for sampling potsherds for organic residue analysis and the classification of vessel use. Archaeometry 35 211-223. 

Innovation drivers An important impulse was the classification of ceramic fibres as carcinogenic category K2 (Directive 97/69/EC), which has been applicable since January 1998. Since July 2001 there has been a ban on the marketing of ceramic fibres for the general public . An impending ban also for the industrial sector caused alarm in the automotive industry. A scientific study by Wuppertal University" also directed attention on the subject of ceramic fibres in catalytic converter recycling . 

Direction of innovation (from the standpoint of market actors - 6al For automotive and catalytic converter manufacturers the direction was clearly away from ceramic fibres classified as K2 as per the 1998 EU classification. Official bodies (especially FIOSH) were consulted for assessing the hazardousness and were thus included in developing substitutes. A development was thus accelerated with the highest possible security of direction. 

The first three sections of this chapter have described the three traditional primary classifications of materials metals, ceramics, and polymers. There is an increasing... 

Fiber-Matrix Composites. As shown in Figure 1.75, there are two main classifications of FMCs those with continuous fiber reinforcement and those with discontinuous fiber reinforcement. Continuous-flber-reinforced composites are made from fiber rovings (bundles of twisted filaments) that have been woven into two-dimensional sheets resembling a cloth fabric. These sheets can be cut and formed to a desired shape, or preform, that is then incorporated into a composite matrix, typically a thermosetting resin such as epoxy. Metallic, ceramic, and polymeric fibers of specific compositions can all be produced in continuous fashions, and the properties of the... 

Compound Semiconductors. The niobium-based superconducting compounds lead us naturally into another use for intermetallics—namely, semiconductors. This topic, too, was introduced earlier in this chapter (cf. Section 6.1.1.4 and 6.1.1.5), and we shall build upon those principles here to describe the semiconducting properties of compounds, ceramics, and glasses. The classification of intermetallics as ceramics... 

As in the case of lyophilic colloids, the use of the adjective lyophobic does not necessarily mean that the surfaces of the colloids are uniformly liquid repelling. For example, ceramic sols such as silica and alumina powders in liquids do have surfaces with varying degrees of affinity to the liquid. Despite the ambiguities in the use of the terms lyophobic and lyophilic, such a classification is convenient. 

By linking both classifications it ought to be posssible to describe the technical developments in classical ceramics (clay ceramics) for each specific area. In this chapter I have confined myself to a brief description of the history of cultural and technical ceramics. 

Minerals are usually classified into 9 groups which each comprise a different type of compound with a specific structure and/or composition. In the classification below each of these groups is mentioned together with some representatives of that group and in some cases its specific structure is discussed in more detail. Important minerals as for as ceramics are concerned, are placed in a box. 

The number of applications within the sector of structural and technical ceramics is so large that a classification of applications and some examples will have to suffice here. In the other sections of this chapter some applications will be discussed further. 

In order to find some guidelines for the organization of this chapter I visited the Hetjens Museum/Deutsches Keramikmuseum in Diisseldorf, Germany. In this museum you can see numerous items which together cover 8000 years of ceramics and I hoped I would find my classification there. The exhibition included 2 wall charts a classification based on the kind of ceramic and a classification based on the development in different areas. 

A classification of dense Si3N4 ceramics follows from the densification techniques (Table 10) ... 

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are multifunctional materials, which contain a spatial variation in composition and/or microstructure for the specific purpose of controlling variations in thermal, structural or functional properties. Also in the ceramics composites field, a wide range of functionally graded (FG) ceramics are available. Hence, a possible classification of the different classes is made in this chapter. 

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