Ceramics antimony

PEG-20 laurate PEG-32 laurate PEG-75 laurate PEG-20 oleate PEG-32 oleate PEG-75 oleate PEG-20 stearate PEG-32 stearate PEG-75 stearate opacifier, alkaline papermaking Styrene/acrylic copolymer ammonium salt opacifier, anhyd. systems Calcium behenate opacifier, antiperspirants Zinc ricinoleate opacifier, bath oils Tetradecyleicosanol opacifier, bubble baths PEG-3 distearate opacifier, ceramics Antimony trioxide Cerium opacifier, chemical specialties Magnesium aluminum silicate opacifier, cosmetics... 

Antimony trioxide has numerous practical applications (1). Its principal use is as a flame retardant in textiles and plastics (see Flame RETARDANTS Flame retardants in textiles). It is also used as a stabilizer for plastics, as a catalyst, and as an opacifier in glass (qv), ceramics (qv), and vitreous enamels... 

Boron nitride is one of the most outstanding corrosion-resistant materials. It is inert to gasoline, benzene, alcohol, acetone, chlorinated hydrocarbons and other organic solvents. It is not wetted by molten aluminum, copper, cadmium, iron, antimony, bismuth, silicon, germanium, nor by many molten salts and glasses. It is used extensively as crucible material, particularly for molten metals, glasses and ceramic processing. 

Semimetal that occurs as a tin-type, brittle form and as a yellow, unstable, nonmetallic form. Its main use is in alloys to harden other metals. Without the addition of antimony, lead would have remained the "softy" of the Periodic Table. But with antimony, lead ruled the print world and later found use in the production of rechargeable batteries. It can be found in older ceramic glazing (yellow orange). Everyday encounters antimony sulfide in match heads and red rubber, antimony oxide is used as a flame retardant. Pure antimony is starting to become of interest in the electronics sector. 

Antimony trioxide occurs in nature as minerals, valentinite [1317-98-2] and senarmontinite [12412-52-1]. It is used as a flame retardant in fabrics as an opacifier in ceramics, glass and vitreous enamels as a catalyst as a white pigment in paints as a mortar in the manufacture of tartar emetic and in the production of metallic antimony. 

Some examples of ceramic semiconductors are magnetite (Fe304), doped barium titanate and doped zinc oxide. By for instance doping zinc oxide with bismuth, cobalt, manganese or antimony, you can vary the resistance of zinc oxide. 

Another property of antimony is that it is a glass-former. Ancient glass and ceramic artifacts bear witness to this knowledge far back in time. 

Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to determine concentrations of several major and trace elements in samples of heavily corroded residues found in crucible fragments excavated at Tel Dan, Israel. The residues were mostly hard, metallic phases admixed with nonmetallic inclusions that appeared to be ceramic material from the loose porous interior of the crucible itself The objective was to identify the metals that had been melted in these crucibles. A method is described that attempts to separate nonmetallic and metallic phase data. In comparison to previous reports on analyses of source materials thought to have been used at Dan in this period (Late Bronze II Age-Early Iron I Age 1400-1000 B.C.), high gold concentrations were found. These appear to be correlated to arsenic and antimony concentrations. This finding is discussed in relation to possible changes in the source of tin at this period. 

Use and exposure Antimony is a silvery-white metal found in the Earth s crust. Antimony ores are mined and later mixed with other metals to form antimony alloys used in lead storage batteries, solder, sheet and pipe metal, bearings, castings, and pewter. Antimony oxide is added to textiles and plastics to prevent them from catching tire. It is also used in paints, ceramics, and fireworks, and as enamels for plastics, metal, and glass. 

Even before alchemy became a subject of study, many chemical reactions were used and the products applied to daily life. For example, the first metals used were probably gold and copper, which can be found in the metallic state. Copper can also be readily formed by the reduction of malachite—basic copper carbonate, Cu2(C03)(0H)2—in charcoal fires. Silver, tin, antimony, and lead were also known as early as 3000 BC. Iron appeared in classical Greece and in other areas around the Mediterranean Sea by 1500 BC. At about the same time, colored glasses and ceramic glazes, largely composed of silicon dioxide (Si02, the major component of sand) and other metallic oxides, which had been melted and allowed to cool to amorphous solids, were introduced. 

The electrocatalytic materials were deposited onto ceramic sheets in the form of nanosized parricle-containing inks. The electrocatalytic ink was prepared from carbon black-supported antimony-doped tin oxide. Comparisons were made between the commercially available Sb-doped SnOa as well as the Sb-doped Sn02 prepared by a solgel method. 

Commercially available composite ceramic sheets (LydaU, United States), with properties listed in Table 40.6, were used as the catalyst support. The Sb-doped SnOa solutions were prepared from two alkoxides [23] obtained directly from chlorides. 8.37 g of SnCli 2H2O was dissolved in 100 mL of absolute ethanol. The antimony solution was simultaneously prepared from a... 

Antimony is primarily used in alloys, ceramics and glass, plastics, and flame retardant materials. Flame retardant materials do not burn with an open flame. Instead, they smolder or do not burn at all. 

Other minor uses of antimony include the manufacture of glass and ceramics and the production of plastics. In glass and ceramics, a small amount of antimony insures that the final product will be clear and colorless. In the production of plastics, antimony is used as a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. The catalyst does not undergo any change itself during the reaction. 

Antimony trioxide is used in flameproofing of textiles, paper, and plastics as paint pigments, ceramic opacifier, catalyst, staining iron and copper and as a mordant. 

---