Ceramic materials history

The main goal of this chapter is to instill in you an excitement for those "common" materials that have already had an impact on society. Some advanced materials are introduced, but for the most part the chapter focuses on paper, plastic, metals, glass, and ceramics. The history of these materials is... 

Although this book covers most aspects of ceramics, most attention is paid to the period from approximately 1850 until now. This period is characterized by a rapid growth of industrial ceramics and a flourishing period for the type of ceramics which hardly used clay as a raw material, the co-called technical ceramics. The number of applications of ceramic materials in the period from 1850 until 2000 is much larger than in the entire ceramic history before 1850 (figure 2.5)... 

Man-made sources of radiation account for about 65 mrem/yr for U.S. residents. Exposure to medical radiation yields an average dose of 53 mrem/yr, although this varies considerably depending on a person s actual medical history. Consumer products expose us to about 10 mrem/yr, and all other sources of man-made radiation contribute another 2 mrem/yr to our average radiation exposure. Artificial sources of radiation account for about 16% of total radiation exposure. Some of these consumer products are smoke detectors, certain types of ceramic materials, some static eliminators, and welding electrodes. 

Ceramics have a very long history. Rocks, which are natural ceramic materials, served as the earliest tools. Later, clay vessels dried in the sun or baked in fires served as containers for food and water. These early vessels were crude and quite porous. With the discovery of glazing, which probably occurred about 3000 B.c. in Egypt, pottery became more serviceable as well as more beautiful. Prized porcelain is essentially the same material as crude earthenware, but specially selected clays and glazings are used for porcelain, which is also fired at a very high temperature. 

W.D. Kingery, 1987, A Role for Ceramic Materials Science in Art, History and Archeology , Journal of Materials Education 9 679-718. 

Ceramics have a very long history. Rcxrks, which are natural ceramic materials, served as the earliest tools. Later, clay vessels dried in the sun or baked... 

Ceramic materials have been made since well before the dawn of recorded history. They are generally fashioned from clay or other natural earths at room temperature and then permanently hardened by heat. Silicate ceramics include objects made from clays, such as pottery, bricks, and table china. The three major ingredients of common pottery are clay (from weathering of feldspar as described previously), sand (silica), and feldspar (aluminosilicates). Clays mixed with water form a moldable paste because they consist of many tiny silicate sheets that can easily slide past one another. When the clay-water mixture is heated, the water is driven off, and new Si—O—Si bonds are formed so that the mass of platelets becomes permanently rigid. 

In this section, we outline the history of ceramics in orthopedics, and provide an introductory overview of ceramic materials relevant to hip replacement. This section also discusses the use of ceramic femoral heads as bearing surfaces with UHMWPE, and covers current designs of COC alternative bearings. The final part of this section contains an overview of ceramic fracture risk in historical, as well as in current, ceramic materials. 

Porous materials are nearly everywhere. All solids on earth are to some extent porous by nature. Exceptions are high temperature fired materials, such as metals and ceramics. The history of the use and the design of porous materials are closely connected with the developments in understanding the adsorption processes itself Thus, requirements from aspects of the practical use and the appHcations had an influence on the development of new porous materials and systems. 

History. Boron was first successfully prepared by the French chemists Joseph Gay-Lussac and Baron Louis Thenard in 1808 and independently by the British chemist Sir Humphry Davy. During and after World War 11, research escalated in the boron field, especially with advances in ceramic materials. 

Schnfidt H. Organically-modified ceramics-materials with history or future In Uhlmann DR, Ulrich DR, editors. Ultrastructure processing of advanced materials. New York John Wiley Sons 1992. p. 409-23. 

Prior to the Bronze Age, human tools and vessels were primarily made of stone (a ceramic). Between 3000 and 4000 years ago, metals came into widespread use because of their toughness that is derived from their ductility. For most of that history, ceramic materials were somewhat limited in applicability because of their brittle nature. Their principal drawback has been a disposition to catastrophic fracture in a brittle manner with very little energy absorption. Although many new composites and other... 

Plastics are no different in this respect than other materials. If steel, aluminum, and ceramics were to be made into a different complex shapes and no prior history on their behavior for that processing shape existed, a period of trial and error would be required to ensure their meeting the required measurements. If relevant processing information or experience did exist, it would be possible for these metallic (or plastic) products to meet the requirements with the first product produced. Experience on new steel shapes always took trial and error time that included different shaped high pressure hydraulic steel cylinders that failed in service when used in a new injection molding hydraulically operating machine (author s experience). 

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