Central nervous system multiple sclerosis

This chapter discusses the role of chemokines and their receptors in inflammatory diseases of the airways (asthma and COPD), the intestinal tract (inflammatory bowel diseases), the joints (arthritis), the blood vessels (arteriosclerosis), the central nervous system (multiple sclerosis) and the skin (psoriasis). Investigations of receptor-mediated and intracellular signal pathways in chemokine—receptor interactions... 

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system. Multiple lesions of the myelin sheath that surround the nerve fibers occur that are called plaque. Myelin enables nerves to conduct impulses. 

McCandless EE, Budde M, Lees JR, Dorsey D, Lyng E, Klein RS (2009) IL-IR signaling within the central nervous system regulates CXCL12 expression at the blood-brain barrier and disease severity during experimental autoimmune encephalomyehtis. J Immunol 183(l) 613-620 McEarland HE, Martin R (2007) Multiple sclerosis a complicated picture of autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 8 913-919... 

Simpson JE, Newcombe J, Cuzner ML, Woodroofe MN (1998) Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and other beta-chemokines by resident glia and inflammatory cells in multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neuroimmunol 84 238-249 Simpson J, Rezaie P, Newcombe J, Cuzner ML, Male D, Woodroofe MN (2000) Expression of the beta-chemokine receptors CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5 in multiple sclerosis central nervous system tissue. J Neuroimmunol 108 192-200... 

Sorensen TL, Sellebjerg F (2001) Distinct chemokine receptor and cytokine expression profile in secondary progressive MS. Neurology 57 1371-1376 Sorensen TL, Tani M, Jensen J, Pierce V, Lucchinetti C, Folcik VA, Qin S, Rottman J, Sellebjerg F, Strieter RM, Frederiksen JL, Ransohoff RM (1999) Expression of specific chemokines and chemokine receptors in the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis patients. J Clin Invest 103 807-815... 

O Multiple sclerosis symptoms are a function of the position of lesions within the central nervous system (CNS). 

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is variable in terms of symptoms and presentation. The name refers to two features of the disease multiple describes the number of CNS lesions and sclerosis refers to the demyelinated lesions. Today, these lesions are usually called plaques, rather than scleroses. Although scientific understanding of MS has progressed at a rapid pace, there are still many areas of evolving knowledge. 

Neuropathic pain is defined as spontaneous pain and hypersensitivity to pain associated with damage to or pathologic changes in the peripheral nervous system as in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), polyneuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) or pain originating in the central nervous system (CNS), that which occurs with spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. Functional pain, a relatively newer concept, is pain sensitivity due to an abnormal processing or function of the central nervous system in response to normal stimuli. Several conditions considered to have this abnormal sensitivity or hyperresponsiveness include fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome. 

Simpson J, Rezaie P, Newcombe J, et al. Expression of the beta-chemokine receptors CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5 in multiple sclerosis central nervous system tissue. J Neuroimmunol 2000 108 192-200. 

Multiple sclerosis is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in humans 641... 

The study of the Central Nervous System (CNS) is the primary clinical indication for the use of extracellular Gd(III) agents. The majority of these pathologies are brain tumors, and three quarters of them are represented by metastases occurring in patients undergoing treatment for systemic cancer (Fig. 1). Other brain diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and cerebral injuries can be also investigated by contrast-enhanced MRI. 

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent inflammatory demyeli-nating disease of the central nervous system that affects worldwide about 2.5 million people with no cure. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (MOG-induced EAE) in DA rats is an appropriate model for therapeutic testing, sharing many features with human multiple sclerosis. 

The presence of oligoclonal free kappa and lambda chains in CSF is a sensitive indication for recent antigenic immune response within the central nervous system, comparable with IgM. The detection of oligoclonal free kappa chains in CSF supports the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. In addition, free light chains can also be found in the CSF of patients having inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (LI). 

In summary, complete examination of CSF, including basic biochemical analysis and qualitative cytology with the determination of specific CSF proteins and isoelectric focusing, provides very sensitive diagnostic imformation concerning serous inflammatory processes in the central nervous system, including diseases of autoimmune origin such as multiple sclerosis. 

VI. Valenzuela, R., Mandler, R., and Goren, H., Immunonephelometric quantitation of central nervous system IgG daily synthesis in multiple sclerosis. AJCP 78, (1982). 

Baclofen is a GABA agonist at GABA B receptors and it has a presynaptic inhibitory function by reducing calcium influx. Its indication is increased extensor tone and clonus. Intrathecal administration may control severe spasticity pain. It is used for the treatment of spastic movement, especially in instances of spinal cord injury, spastic diplegia, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Its central nervous system effects include drowsiness, somnolence and seizure activity in epileptic patients. 

Trebst C, Sorensen TL, Kivisakk P, Cathcart MK, et al. 2001. CCR1+/CCR5+ mononuclear phagocyte accumulate in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis. Am J Pathol. 159 1701-1710. 

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