Central nervous system disorders epilepsy

S)-(+)-3-aminomethyl-5-methylhexanoic add (Pregabalin) 1 (Figure 11.1) is a lipophilic GABA (y-aminobutyric add) analog devdoped for the treatment of several central nervous system disorders induding epilepsy, neuropathic pain, anxiety, and sodal phobia [29,30]. Recent studies have shown that pregabalin... 

People who should not work with organophosphate insecticides are those with organic central nervous system disease, mental disorders, epilepsy, pronounced endocrine disorders, respiratory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, circulatory disorders, gastroenteric diseases, liver or kidney disease, and chronic conjunctivitis and keratitis (Medved and Kagan 1983). 

The central nervous system is a major target of endosulfan-induced toxicity in both humans and animals (Blanco-Coronado et al. 1992 Boyd and Dobos 1969 Boyd et al. 1970 Garg et al. 1980 Kiran and Varma 1988 Terziev et al. 1974). Therefore, individuals with seizure disorders, such as epilepsy, may be particularly susceptible because exposure to endosulfan may reduce the threshold for tremors, seizures, and other forms of neurotoxicity, as demonstrated in studies in rats (Gilbert and Mack 1995 Gilbert 1992). 

Epilepsy is a chronic often progressive disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Periodic and unpredictable epileptic seizures caused by the abnormal electrical discharge of neurones in various anatomic structures of the CNS is the characteristic feature. This is an approximate definition based on international classifications of seizures and syndromes which take into account the extremely variable clinical and electroencephalographic expression of the disease. The annual incidence of epilepsy is an estimated 20-70 cases per 100,000 inhabitants with a prevalence of 0.4-0.8%. Globally, incidence is higher during childhood, remaining rather stable... 

Nearly all central nervous system depressants have some capacity to suppress seizures by virtue of their depressant activity on the brain and spinal cord. Clonazepam and diazepam are two benzodiazepines that depress epileptiform activity and are used in the treatment of epilepsy and seizure disorders (see Chapter 32). 

Complexity of inhibition of PLP-dependent enzymes is highlighted by detailed investigations on the inhibition of y-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT), the enzyme responsible for the degradation of y-aminobutyric acid (GABA), one of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the mammalian central nervous system. Inhibition of GAB A-AT results in an increased concentration of GABA in the brain and could have therapeutic applications in neurological disorders (epilepsy, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer disease). 

Thiazolidines/thiazoles in fusion with other aromatic systems are also potential bioactive scaffolds. Riluzole (Fig. 14)—a benzothiazole analogue—is known to intervene in epilepsy, a cerebral disorder of the central nervous system, via a glutamatergic mechanism [121]. The anticonvulsant activity of riluzole has been attributed to its direct action on the voltage-dependent... 

Central nervous system. Depression and psychosis can occur during the first few days of high dose administration, especially in those with a history of mental disorder. Other effects include euphoria, insomnia, and aggravation of schizophrenia and epilepsy. Long-term treatment may result in raised intracranial pressure with papilloedema, especially in children. 

Irritability and aggressive behavior occur occasionally, and mentally retarded patients are possibly at greater risk (SEDA-22, 88). Rare central nervous system effects include insomnia, psychosis (SEDA-20, 63), downbeat nystagmus (SEDA-22, 89), movement disorders (SEDA-21, 72), and a Tourette-like syndrome. Lamotrigine can increase seizure frequency and severity in children with severe myoclonic epilepsy (SEDA-21, 72). 

Lactate in spinal fluid normally parallels blood levels. In cases of biochemical alterations in the central nervous system, however, CSF lactate values change independently of blood values. Increased CSF levels may be seen in intracranial hemorrhage, bacterial meningitis, epilepsy, and other CNS disorders. ... 

A broad variety of diseases may cause neuropathic pain. The majority of diseases associated with neuropathic pain involve the peripheral nervous system. These diseases include traumatic injuries hereditary, metabolic, inflammatory or paraneoplastic neuropathies and infections. However, neuropathic pain can also be caused by injuries or disorders affecting the spinal cord or the brain (central neuropathic pain) tumors stroke epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders [20]. Genetic factors appear to contribute to inter-individual differences in the susceptibility to neuropathic pain. 

Lapierre YD, Browne M, Horn E, et al Treatment of major affective disorder with fluvoxamine. J Clin Psychiatry 48 65-68, 1987 Lapierre YD, Ravindran AV, Bakish D Dysthymia and serotonin. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 8 (suppl 2) 87-90, 1993 Lapin 1, Oxenkrug G Intensification of the central serotonergic process as a possible determinant of thymoleptic effect. Lancet 1 132-136, 1969 Larkin JG, McKee PJ, Blacklaw J, et al Nimodipine in refractory epilepsy a placebo-controlled, add-on study. Epilepsy Res 9 71-77, 1991 Larsson LI, Rehfeld JF Localization and molecular heterogeneity of cholecystokinin in the central and peripheral nervous system. Brain Res 165 201-218, 1979 Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, Casanova M, et al Selective abnormality of prefrontal serotonergic receptors in schizophrenia a post mortem study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50 810-818, 1993... 

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