Cellulose graft copolymers Synthesis

In spite of these enormous efforts, there is still no large-scale commercial application of cellulose graft copolymers. The reasons for this situation and the challenge it represents to cellulose and polymer scientists and engineers will be the subject of this introductory paper. It is convenient to break down such a discussion into the following areas, synthesis, characterization, properties and, finally, applications. The discussion will be mainly devoted to cellulose itself, although grafting to cellulose derivatives has also been actively pursued. 

Kang HL, Gao X, Liu RG, Huang Y (2012) Synthesis and properties of cellulose graft copolymers with well-defined architecture. In Liebner F, Rosenau T (eds) Functional materials from renewable sources. ACS symposium series, vol 1107. American Chemical Society, Washington, pp 109-131... 

Anionic and Cationic Polymerizations o Radical Polymerization Advances o Coordination Polymerizations 0 Step-Growth Polymerization Advances 0 Synthesis of Tactic Polymers o Stereoblock Copolymers o Dispersion Polymerizations o Cellulosic Graft Copolymers o Diels-Alder Polymer Forming Reactions o A New Path To Phenolic Resins o Nitrogen Heterocycle Polymerizations o Optically Active Polymers o Poly (Phenylene Sulfide) o Poly (Aryl Ethers) o (Poly (Aryl Ether Sulfones) o Epoxy and Isocyanate Resin Replacement o Azlactone Functionalized Oligomers o Epoxy Resin-Isocyanate Reactions o Chelating Polymers o Oxazoline Functionalized Polymers o Poly (Alkyl Methacrylates) o Macromers... 

The enzymatic polymerization of lactones could be initiated at the hydroxy group of the polymer, which expanded to enzymatic synthesis of graft copolymers. The polymerization of c-CL using thermophilic lipase as catalyst in the presence of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) film produced HEC-gra/f-poly( -CL) with degree of substitution from 0.10 to 0.32 [102]. 

Graft copolymers of nylon, protein, cellulose, starch, copolymers, or vinyl alcohol have been prepared by the reaction of ethylene oxide with these polymers. Graft copolymers are also produced when styrene is polymerized by Lewis acids in the presence of poly-p-methoxystyrene. The Merrifield synthesis of polypeptides is also based on graft copolymers formed from chloromethaylated PS. Thus, the variety of graft copolymers is great. 

Rogovin, Z. A., T ung Sun, A. D. Virnik, and N. M. Khvostenko CIV. Synthesis of new cellulose and other polysaccharide derivatives. 19. Synthesis of cellulose and carbon-chain graft copolymer withour simultaneous formation of homopolymers. Vysokomolekul. Soedin. 4, 571 (1962). 

Rogovin, Z. A., and U. Zhun-Zhui Structure and properties of cellulose and its esters. LXXXV. Synthesis of new derivatives of cellulose and other polysaccharides. IV. Synthesis of graft copolymers of carboxymethyl cellulose and caprolactam. Vysokomolekulyarnye Soedineniya 1, 1630 (1959). 

Synthesis of Tailor Made Cellulose-Polystyrene Graft Copolymers... 

Since the 1960 s many researchers have been concerned with the development of feasible and industrially useful methods for the synthesis of cellulose graft copolymers3, 4. Recent investigations have shown that the most efficient approach to this problem involves free radical polymerization initiated by redox systems5. An impressive example is the industrial production of mtilon (cellulose-polyacrylonitrile graft copolymer) and other fibers, particularly those with ion-exchange and acid-resistant properties6"8. ... 

A separate and promising trent in the chemical modification of cel-lul< e is the synthesis of graft copolym d cellulose with various vinyl and dmxs monomers. This is a big problem dind ndent interest our results in this line obtained in recent years have b n published in special revies articles (5). 

A.A. Gulina, R.M. Livshits, and Z.A. Rogovin. Synthesis of cellulose-polyacrylonitrile graft copolymers in the presence of the oxidation-reduction system cellulose Fe -H202. 

LIX Li, X., Yin, M. Zhang, G., and Zhang, F., Synthesis and characterization of novel temperature and pH responsive hydroxylpropyl cellulose-based graft copolymers. Chin. J. Chem. Eng., 17, 145, 2009. 

Kang FIL, Liu WY, Fie BQ, Shen D, Ma L, Huang Y (2006) Synthesis of amphiphilic ethyl cellulose grafting poly(acrylic acid) copolymers and their self-assembly morphologies in water. Polymer 47 7927-7934... 

Shen D, Yu H, Huang Y (2006) Synthesis of graft copolymer of ethyl cellulose through living polymerization and its self-assembly. Cellulose 13 235-244... 

Kang HL, Liu RG, Huang Y (2013) Synthesis of ethyl cellulose grafted poly(Ai-isopropyla-crylamide) copolymer and its micellization. Acta Chim Sin 71 114-120... 

Chauhan GS, Sharma R, Lai H (2004) Synthesis and characterization of graft copolymers of hydroxypropyl cellulose with acrylamide and some comonomers. J Appl Polym Sci 91 545-555... 

V.K. Thakur, M. K. Thakur, and R. K. Gupta, Graft copolymers from cellulose Synthesis, characterization and evaluation. Carbohydr. Polym. 97, 18-25 (2013). 

V.K. Thakur, A.S. Singha, and M.K. Thakur, Synthesis of natural cellulose-based graft copolymers using methyl methacrylate as an efficient monomer. Adv. Polym. Technol. 32, E741-E748 (2013). 

Grafting onto reactions. This method of anionic polymerization has contributed to the development of tailor made synthetic molecules. It is used to synthesize amphiphilic graft copolymers in which hydrophilic grafts are linked to a hydrophobic backbone. Well defined comb-like homopolymers were made by the same technique.In spite of its tremendous potential, the "grafting onto" anionic polymerization process has yet to be applied to the synthesis of cellulosic graft copol3nners. 

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