Cell-substratum adhesion

Tua nsld GP, Rothman VL, Murphy A, Siegler K, Smith L, Smith S, Karczewski J, Knudsen KA Thrombospondin promotes cell>substratum adhesion. Science 236 1570-1573,1987. 

The Ig-superfamily contains many proteins involved in immune recognition such as products of the MHC complex and accessory molecules [53]. In addition there are ten or more members associated mainly with nervous tissues in mature animals and several others in non-nervous tissue that are important factors in cell-cell and cell-substratum adhesion in non-immune cells. See [54] and [55] for detailed discussion of other aspects of Ig-superfamily glycoproteins. All of the cell adhesion glycoproteins in the family contain a variable number of Ig-like domains of about one hundred amino-acid residues, usually but not always defined within a pair of disulfide-bonded cysteine residues, and of the C2 type fold. In many cases the molecules contain variable numbers of another type of modular sequence known as the fibronectin type III repeat, sinee it was discovered in fibroneetin. In the following discussion, some principles of the structure and functions of this large family of cell adhesion molecules will be considered with particular emphasis on the interplay between different members in adhesion and modulation of adhesive interactions by carbohydrates. 

Delannet, M. and Duband, J.-L. (1992) Transforming growth factor-) control of cell-substratum adhesion during avian neural crest cell emigration in vitro. Development 116 275-287. 

Calof, A.L. and Lander, A.D. (1991) Relationship between neuronal migration and cell-substratum adhesion laminin and merosin promote olfaetory neuronal migration but are anti-adhesive. J. Cell Biol. 115 119—194. 

Manganese-deficiency has been reported to alter mitochondrial structure [428]. Mn(II) inhibits the replenishment of cell Ca(II) required for secretion of histamine by mast cells [429], and to alter the interferon system [430]. Mn(II) also affects the trans-bilayer movement of phosphoglycerides and Ca(II) [431], and influences the progressive motility of human sperm [432]. Mn(II) is likewise implicated in the aggregation of human platelets [433], in fibroblast spreading [434], and cell-substratum adhesion [435]. 

This section will focus on cell-substratum adhesion, although in multicellular organisms, cell-cell adhesion may be an important process for cell motility in some circumstances [60, 243]. For Dictyostelium, the major contacts appear to be broad close contacts with the substratum together with dynamic eupodia that enable relatively rapid motility. This is consistent with the actomyosin system structure in Dictyostelium—a... 

Because adhesion can play a role in the polarization of mesenchymal cells, examination of the dynamics of focal contacts and cell/substratum adhesion as a function of time after chemoattractant stimulation has been performed. Using interference reflection microscopy [15] or green fluorescent protein-tagged adhesion proteins [252], the dynamics and location of specific cell substratum contacts can be followed during stimulation. In general, there is stimulation of new adhesion sites in newly extended lamellipods and retraction of the older adhesion sites, including those at the rear of the cell. 

Cell-surface changes also accompany the effects of retinoids on epidermal cells. Christophers and Wolff (1975) using cultured epidermal cells derived from adult guinea pig ear skin fragments, showed that addition of retinoic acid (lO" M) increased the number of hemidesmosomes formed by the plasma membrane stratification and differentiation, on the other hand, is characterized by the formation of desmosomes. Hemidesmosome formation was acconipanied by decreased cell-cell adhesion and increased cell-substratum adhesion, as had been noted earlier by Yuspa and Harris (1974). 

Ryan, P.L. et al. Tissue spreading on implantable substrates is a competitive outcome of cell-cell vs. cell-substratum adhesivity, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 98,4323, 2001. 

Powers, M.J., Rodriguez, R.E., and Griffith, L.G., Cell-substratum adhesive strength as a determinant of hepatocyte aggregate morphology, Biofec/mo/. Bioeng. 53,415,1997. 

Albelda, S.M., Daise, M., Levine, E.M., and Buck, C.A., Identification and characterization of cell-substratum adhesion receptors on cultured human endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest., 1989,83 1992-2002. 

Karuri, N.W., S. Liliensiek, A.I. Teixeira, G. Abrams, S. Campbell, P.F. Nealey, and C.J. Murphy. 2004. Biological length scale topography enhances cell-substratum adhesion of human corneal epithelial ceViS. Journal of Cell Science 117(15) 3153-64. 

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