CCPS Model

The CCPS model for PSM was first provided in A Challenge to Commitment and later explained in Guidelines for Technical Management of Chemical Process Safety. 

The CCPS model describes process safety management systems in terms of 12 elements and 68 components. The elements and components appear as Table 1.1 on pages 2 and 3 of this book. 

The CCPS model was designed for applicability throughout the process industries, and is also applicable beyond process safety to other areas of safety, health, and environmental protection. 

This model is unique in its description of what constitutes a management system, and its effort to address the planning, organizing, implementing, and control aspects of process safety management systems. 

---

Dispersion Models, CCPS-AIChE, New York, 1987. TNO, Methods for the Calculation of the Physical Effects of the Escape of Dangerous Materials Liquids and Gases ( The Yellow Book ), Apeldoorn, The Netherlands, 1979. 

CCPS G-2. 1987. Guidelines for Use of Vapor Cloud Dispersion Models. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York. 

In 1989, CCPS published the Guidelines for Technical Management of Ghemical Process Safety, which presented a model for Process Safety Management characterized by twelve distinct, essential, and interrelated elements. The Foreword to that book stated ... 

For the first time, all the essential elements and components of a model of a technical management program in chemical process safety have been assembled in one document. We believe the Guidelines provide the umbrella under which all other CCPS Technical Guidelines will be promulgated. 

CCPS/AIChE. 1991. International conference and workshop on modeling and mitigating the consequences of accidental releases of hazardous material. New York CCPS/AIChE. 

Having agreed on PSM goals and objectives, your next step is to conduct a more detailed assessment of the present status of PSM activities within your company, to form the basis for your implementation plan. This baseline assessment works against both the model you have selected for PSM and the characteristics that describe a sound management system, such as those described by CCPS. 

Relemnce to the PSM model selected. Whichever assessment tool or method you decide to use, it should reflect the PSM model you have selected for your compan)r s PSM program framework. This model of PSM program elements establishes characteristics for the goals you have selected for your PSM system, and provides a structure for the baseline assessment. For example, the CCPS PSM model comprises 12 elements, each of which should be assessed if you have selected this model. 

The first document produced under the CCPS program was a brochure entitled "A Challenge to Commitment," which was mailed to the CEOs of more than 1500 companies. It provides an overview and an outline of a comprehensive model for the technical management of chemical process safety, characterized by twelve distinct and essential elements. 

This chapter addresses all these issues. As with several of the earlier chapters, the overall approach to developing a plan should be modeled on that described in Chapter 5 of the CCPS publication Guidelines for Implementing Process Safety Management Systems. The approach recommended there is summarized in the following paragraphs. 

Fauske, H. K. and Epstein, M., Source Term Considerations in Connection tsdth Chemical Accidents and Vapor Cloud Modeling, CCPS International Conference on Vapor Cloud Modeling, Cambridge, MA, 1987. 

Significant modifications were made to the following topics dispersion modeling, source modeling, flammability characterization, explosion venting, fundamentals of electrostatics, and case histories. This new edition also includes selected materials from the latest AICHE Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) books and is now an excellent introduction to the CCPS library. 

Modeling extrasystem events (e.g., potential releases from the system). For example, maximum intended inventory might be intentionally limited by that below which there would be no off-site impacts. CCPS (1999b) gives a complete discussion of this type of analysis. 

These blast loadings have been widely used in the past for blast resistant design throughout the industry. However, many owners have developed specific blast loading criteria more in line with their specific circumstances. With advances in the modeling of vapor cloud explosions (Baker 1983, CCPS Explosion Guidelines), the trend is toward the use of VCE based blast loads. 

The most stable structure of the [CcP, Cc] complex deduced from computer modelling studies by Poulos and coworkers [19] looks much like that of the [oci, P2] ET complex of the Hb hybrids, with roughly parallel heme planes... 

The two-state model was used to test whether characteristics of the low-temperature cryosolvent cause the equilibrium constant for complex formation, K(T), to fall precipitously as the temperature is lowered through T ij. In this case, the slow phase that appears below 250 K would correspond to un-complexed ZnCcP. This interpretation fails because within the transition range the fraction, f(T), is unaffected by a ten-fold reduction in the ratio, R = [Cc]/[CcP], whereas use of K(T) calculated from f(T) would predict a larger shift of f(T). Alternatively, the two-state model would apply if a low-temperature form of the complex were created by a change in ligation of either ZnP or FeP. 

Cytochrome c and cytochrome c peroxidase (ccp) are physiological partners in the ccp reaction cycle structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic data are available for the protein-protein interaction [69-72]. A model indicates that the cyt c/ccp complex is stabilized by specific salt bridges with the hemes in parallel planes the Fe-Fe distance is 24 A, and the edge-edge distance is 16 A [70]. 

Although it is not an electron transport protein, its primary function involves specific electron transfer from cyt c to a heme center, in which binding plays a key kinetic role. It has thus become a model for understanding the structurally more complex interactions between cytoehrome c and its partners in electron transport. This similar cyt c ccp system has several advantages. 

First the structures of cytochrome cytochrome c peroxidase [21] are both known at high resolution. Although the precise three dimensional structure of the protein-protein complex is unknown (and, we shall argue, unknowable), molecular modeling has produced detailed stereochemical models for the c ccp complex which are subject to experimental testing and subsequent improvement, as detailed below. 

---