Categorisation

Nonetheless, categorisation can be of benefit under some circumstances. In an earlier section we discussed the categorisation of number of cigarettes to a four-point ordinal scale, accepting that measures on the original scale may be subject to substantial error and misreporting the additional information contained in the number of cigarettes smoked is in a sense spurious precision. 

There may also be circumstances where a categorisation combines responses measured, on different domains of action for example to give a single dichotomous responder/non-responder outcome. There are connections here with global assessment variables. This approach is taken in Alzheimer s disease where the effect of treatment is ultimately expressed in terms of the proportion of patients who achieve a meaningful benefit (response) see the CPMP (1997) Note for Guidance on Medicinal Products in the Treatment of Alzheimer s Disease . In oncology. 

CHOI BASIC IDEAS IN CLINICAL TRIAL DESIGN 

There are two main types of mechanism by which browning of food occurs, depending on whether the process is mediated by enzymes or not. The division is not precise and, in a specific case, it is usually difficult to rule out one or the other mechanism, unless conditions are such, for instance, during heat processing, that enzymes would have been inactivated. 

Under such conditions, only nonenzymic browning can occur. Nonenzymic browning itself is subdivided roughly (again because there is an overlap) into three types of reactions. 

The first, called the Maillard reaction,1 occurs between a carbonyl compound, which here is usually a reducing sugar, and an amine, which here is usually an amino acid, a peptide, or a protein. The second is caramelisation, a reaction where the sugars react on their own, but normally requires more drastic conditions. (Some discuss this under the heading of active aldehydes.) The third is ascorbic acid oxidation. The last, although it need not involve any enzyme at all, is nearest to enzymic browning, since it often does involve ascorbic acid oxidase, which, however, does not affect the phenols, which are the normal substrate in enzymic browning, but may involve other enzymes, e.g., laccase or peroxidase. 

much attention will be given to the Maillard reaction, since one can consider caramelisation and ascorbic acid oxidation as special cases of it. Also, the Maillard reaction is the one of physiological significance. 

---

The various arrangements of carbon atoms can be categorised into senes , which describe a common molecular structure. The series are based on four main categories which refer to... 

There are no definitions for categorising reservoir fluids, but the following table indicates typical GOR, API and gas and oil gravities for the five main types. The compositions show that the dry gases contain mostly paraffins, with the fraction of longer chain components increasing as the GOR and API gravity of the fluids decrease. 

I fall vertically downwards. Constraints are often categorised as holonomic or non-mic. Holonomic constraints can be expressed in the form... 

The major chromatographic techniques can also be categorised according to tbe nature of the mobile phase used -vapour phase chromatography for when a gas is the mobile phase and liquid chromatography for when a liquid is the mobile phase. 

The essence of research is to seek answers wherever there are questions. Regardless of what the answers are the experiments to be conducted must be carried out with utmost care. For this, one must ensure that the quality of the reactants used and the products obtained are of the highest possible purity. In general terms, one can broadly categorise experimental chemistry and biological chemistry into the following areas ... 

How can we categorise in a more precise way the oxidation-resistance of materials If we can do so for oxidation, we can obviously follow a similar method for sulphidation or nitrogenation. 

Subsequently, several other companies have entered the acrylic rubber market (e.g. Thiokol, American Cyanamid, Goodyear, Polymer Corporation and US Rubber) and this has led to many technical developments. These may be categorised into the three main areas ... 

Early in the 19th century, there were giants of natural philosophy, such as Dalton, Davy and most especially Faraday, who would have defied attempts to categorise them as physicists or chemists, but by the late century, the sheer mass of accumulated information was such that chemists felt they could not afford to dabble in physies, or viee versa, for fear of being thought dilettantes. 

An Approach to the Categorisation of Process Plant Hazard and Control Building Design (1990)... 

Although certain conditions very often lead to a particular type of attack, attempts to categorise soil corrosion in this way cannot be made on a general basis and most corrosivity assessment techniques categorise the soil as reacting to bare steel or iron in one of four ways ... 

The composition of these alloys extends beyond the binary system and they may be categorised as the Duralumin type H15 and the complex types H12 and H16. 

In the absence of stress, the survival of a given component is largely determined by the extent to which the material of construction reacts with the environment in which it resides. This can largely be categorised by the extent to which the following two criteria are satisfied. ... 

One method of ordering or categorising this great diversity of materials and environment combinations which will be followed here, is to divide the... 

The application methods will be categorised by the physical form of the thermoplastic, e.g. liquid, powder, granule. 

There are a number of ways in which drugs may be categorised, depending on the criteria applied. It is worthwhile introducing some of these now as it can provide a context to help your understand the later text. 

Human prescription drugs may be further categorised into ... 

Another way to categorise drugs is on the basis of their mode of action. Some drugs function simply by replacing a naturally occurring substance that is deficient or defective in a particular disease or condition. Examples of this include insulin... 

EC) No. 1085/2003 outline the procedures for processing variations to marketing authorisations granted via National and Community procedures, respectively. The Annexes to the regulations provide criteria for categorisation of changes. 

Figure 11.12 Categorisation of software systems according to Good Automated Manufacturing Practice guidelines (CAMP4).

The student conceptions that were displayed could be categorised into three main types, namely (1) confusion between macroscopic and submicroscopic representations, (2) extrapolation of bulk macroscopic properties of matter to the submicroscopic level and (3) corrfusion over the multi-faceted significance of chemical symbols, chemical formulas as well as chemical and ionic equations. Student conceptions held by at least 10% of the students who were involved in the alternative instractional programme were identified. Several examples of student conceptions involving the use of the triplet relationship are discussed in the next section. 

Case Study 3 Using diagrams to categorise chemical substances... 

After a description of each task, we present the results of the document analysis and a summary of the experts consultation. Interviews were mainly categorised on stmcture , property and their interrelations (Meijer, Bulte, Pilot, 2005). This section starts with a more extensive description for the task about crockery. The outcomes for the two other tasks are more briefly described. Subsequently, the outcomes of the analysis of the two other tasks are summarised and generalised. 

All interviews were audio-taped and transcribed. Following a simplified scheme of Mayring (2000), the answers and discussions were then analysed and categorised. 

At the beginning of the field frials, the Preknowledge Test and the Test of Gained Knowledge were manually processed later on data were processed by MS Excel. The outlines of the reflective diaries were carefully read through, teachers statements categorised, and the most representative statements extracted. 

---