Water categorisation

The WFD, so far, has identified 33 priority hazardous pollutants (PHS), for which Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) have been set. To some extent, these EQS can be met through the establishment of emission control measures. These PHS may originate from several different sources and activities. The main sources of toxic substances to water bodies in Europe may be categorised as agriculture, sewage treatment plants, urban runoff, industry, contaminated lake/ river sediment, soils and landfills. Input via atmospheric transport and deposition has also been identified as an important source both far from and close to source areas. Many of the PS are today banned in Europe, but due to their persistence they are still present in the environment [30]. 

In order to obtain more fundamental catalytic activity data of the catalytic materials of interest a number of model catalysts consisting of alkali metal and precious metal were prepared and tested for their ability to promote the reactions of water and carbon dioxide with solid carbon. These tests provide basic information about the ability of the catalysts to catalyse soot combustion with CO2, H2O and O2. Results are summarized in Table 2. Both alkali metal and precious metal (PM) doped supports were used. Two supports were used which can be categorised as an inert and a reducible oxide support. Clearly the presence of the alkali metal has a significant effect on catalysing the soot combustion as anticipated. The effect of the reducible oxide support is not significant. In addition to the experiments summarised in Table 2 two further samples of alkali metal supported on an alumina foam and cordierite wall flow filter were prepared and coated with soot in a similar manner to that described above. Measurement of the soot combustion characteristics of these samples in O2, CO2 and H2O were very similar to the powder samples. 

Approaches to blast protection can be categorised as active (deployed upon detection of an explosion) or passive (always present). An example of an active mitigation system is the water deluge system used on offshore oil and gas platforms [9]. Upon detection of a gas leak, the entire area is showered with carefiilly sized water droplets in order to prevent ignition and remove the energy from a vapour cloud explosion. An active system can only work if the imminent explosion can be detected and a suitable system deployed in time. These systems work offshore because the gas leak, which accumulates relatively slowly, can be detected easily and the water system deployed. A number of researchers have worked on the detection and deployment of mitigation devices for explosive detonations with military applications [10,11]. Such systems have yet to be deployed in the military, and (at the time of writing) no such detection systems are available for the case of explosive detonation on board an aircraft. For such a system to be viable, it would need to be robust and inexpensive to install and operate. 

Categorisation of waters and areas of operation Work boats - Categories of certification at sea (Moth, 1998) Example of risk mitigation measures for lifting operations employed by one contractor... 

MCA (2003). Merchant Shipping Notice, MSN 1776 (M), Categorisation of Waters, Notice to Owners, Operators and Masters. Maritime and Coastguard Agency. 

There are five chemical material groups that form the basis of all water reducing admixtures. Rixom and Mailvaganam [26] categorise the basic chemicals used in Table 5.1. 

Table 5.1 Categorisation of basic chemicals used in water reducing admixtures [25] ...

In human nutrition, nutrients are often inaccurately classified in a way that reflects the amount that the body requires. These nutrient classes can be categorised as either macronutrients (required in relatively large amounts) or micronutrients (required in smaller amounts). The macronutrients include proteins, fats, carbohydrates and water the micronutrients are minerals and vitamins. A third class of dietary material, known as fibre (such as non-digestible polysaccharide cellulose), is also necessary, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons. Other micronutrients include antioxidants and various phytochemicals, which are said to influence or protect some body systems. Their necessity is not well estabhshed. 

The effects on offshore structures can be categorised as external effects (such as environmental effects on external surfaces of these structures) and internal effects (such as MIC problems in water handling system and oil production system). 

---