Categories of waste

Gaseous emissions are largely restricted to the off gases emitted during fermentation. Containment and the elimination of the infective or toxic hazards of gaseous discharges are dealt with elsewhere in this volume. 

---

The DOE (Department of Energy) which is the lead agency in matters of nuclear energy, has specified three categories of waste (1) high-level, (2) transuranium contaminated, and (3)... 

Elimination of the Category of Waste Containing Naturally Occurring and Accelerator-Produced Radioactive Material... 

As presented in Section 6.4.2 above, Bauer and Herrmann (1997) reported that mixedhousdiold waste contained DEHP. Table 6-2 summarizes the concentration of DEHP detected in various categories of waste. The authors also calculated that 177.5 1,469.5 mg/kg DEHP was present in the waste on a dry-weight basis and constituted the most commonly found phthalate ester, constituting 91.9 93.3% of the total... 

Large quantities of flammable wastes should never be accumulated in a closed, unventilated room. A vapor explosion in such a room would be disastrous. An appropriate container for each category of waste in the waste accumulation plan should always be available. The container must be clearly marked to indicate the type of waste it can contain and the hazards associated with this category. It should be dated to indicate when accumulation began. 

A separate category of waste, closure waste, results from the decontamination and destruction of the facility at the completion of disposal operations. These wastes, which are also classified as either hazardous or non-hazardous, are addressed in Chapter 4. 

The proposed technology for disposing of the second category of wastes consists of near-surface burial for low-level wastes. 

In the western world, food is produced, processed, transported, sold, driven home and then, 33% of the time, thrown into the bin for landfill. Then in landfill, methane gas is given off, which is far more destructive than C02. Fresh fruits, vegetables, and salads make up the largest category of waste, according to the The UK s Waste Resources Action Program (WRAP) report, clocking in at 1.4 million ton per year (Moore, 2008). 

Processing of municipal solid wastes to remove the toxic materials contributed by batteries and other categories of waste. 

Annex I - Categories of wastes to be controlled wastestreams such as waste paints, glues, wood preservatives, and drugs wastes having certain constituents such as metal carbonyls, lead and its compounds, ethers, furans, and dioxins. 

Annex II - Categories of wastes requiring special consideration wastes from households, residues from incineration of household wastes. 

Every year 2,800,000,000 tonnes of all categories of waste are produced in Western Europe. Assuming an average density of 2 kg/I, this waste would cover a surface area equivalent to that of Switzerland to a depth of three centimetres. 

On the basis of experience using the ceramic melters and present developments in this field, the present feasibility of Russian Pu-containing materials is assessed. Rich Pu wastes from the radiochemical and chemical-metallurgical production of plutonium are included in this category of wastes for example, hard-to-dissolve residues after treatment by a mixture of nitric and fluoride acids. These wastes have a complicated chemical composition (Table 3). 

Can the waste be managed satisfactorily A chemical that will produce a new category of waste may cause a great deal of trouble for the waste management program. An appropriate waste disposal mechanism should be identified before the chemical is ordered. 

Each category of waste has certain appropriate disposal methods. In choosing among these methods, several general principles apply, but local considerations can strongly influence the application of these rules ... 

Moreover, incineration does not offer a solution to the problem of spillage and is not adapted to the treatment of the second category of wastes as defined above. Since alternative techniques that would be applicable to both of these fields are necessary, the lARC and the Division of Safety of the NIH undertook a programme for the evaluation of chemical methods of decontamination of chemical carcinogens (115). At the time of their evaluation of the bibliography on this subject, Montesano et al. (24) stressed the lack of publications and that, as will be outlined... 

How many categories of waste generators are identified by RCRA ... 

There are two categories of wastes. Producer wastes are those generated by industry. Most producers confine them to particular locations. Consumer wastes are those disposed of by the ultimate user of products. They are usually low in concentration, but widely dispersed. 

Discharge of pressure relief systems and leaks . Although strictly not a category of waste distinct from those above, the design of a containment and treatment system for effluent must take into account the likelihood of the unexpected. Further consideration of these aspects is given later in this chapter. 

The final requirement is that adequate records of waste consignments must be kept for at least two years in the case of controlled waste, and three years for any hazardous waste. (These categories of waste are defined in Chapter 16.)... 

The portions of RCRA dealing with hazardous wastes, one of two categories of wastes under the act, are of interest for lead contamination in multiple media such hazardous material is covered in 3001—4009 of the legislation. The act regulates generation, transportation, storage, and disposal of hazardous wastes and is quite broad in its scope. The various aspects of operating methods, techniques, and practices as detailed in the act must function ( 3004) so as to. . protect human health and the environment. ... 

Establish standards for protection against radiation hazards from act cities performed by NRC licensees and establishes limits for disposal of certain categories of waste. Since DOE is not an NRC licensee, this regulation is not mandatory. It may provicie additional guidance in areas of worker protection and waste disposal. The NRC has announced that it will issue residual contamination limits that must be met before facilities lands and materials may be released for unrestricted use (56 FR 18354. 4/22/91). Interim criteria are to be issued 4/92. 

---