Catalysts for biodiesel production

Apart from a few reports" on solid acid catalyzed esterification of model compounds, to our knowledge utilization of solid catalysts for biodiesel production from low quality real feedstocks have been explored only recently. 12-Tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) impregnated on hydrous zirconia was evaluated as a solid acid catalyst for biodiesel production from canola oil containing up to 20 wt % free fatty acids and was found to give ester yield of 90% at 200°C. Propylsulfonic acid-functionalized mesoporous silica catalyst for esterification of FFA in flotation beef tallow showed a superior initial catalytic activity (90% yield) relative to a... 

Kiss, A.A., Dimian, A.C. and Rofhenberg, G. (2006) Solid add catalysts for biodiesel production — towards sustainable energy. Adv. Synth. Catal., 348, 75. 

Kiss, A. A., Dimian, A.C., Rothenberg, G., Solid add catalysts for biodiesel production-towards sustainable energy, Adv. Synth. Catal., 348, 75-81, 2006 Wang, S-J., Wong, S. H., Design and control of entrainer-aided reactive distillation for fatty ester production, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 45, 9041-9049, 2006... 

Warabi, Y., Kusdiana, D., Saka, S., Reactivity of triglycerides and fatty adds of rapeseed oil in supercritical alcohols, Bioresource Technology, 91, 283-287, 2004 Xie, W., U, H., Alumina-supported potassium iodide as heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil, J. Molec. Catal. A Chemical, 205,1-9,... 

Kiss, A.A. A.C. Dimian G. Rothenberg. Solid acid catalysts for biodiesel production—towards sustainable energy Synth. Catal. 2006,348, 75—81. 

Xie, W H. Li. Alumina-supported potassium iodide as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil./. Molec. Catal. A Chemical2006,255, 1—9. 

Hung Su, C. (2013). Recoverable and reusable hydrochloric acid used as a homogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. Applied Energy, 104, 503—509. 

Cardoso, A. L., S. C. G. Neves M. J. da Silva (2009) Kinetic study of alcoholysis of the fatty acids catalyzed by tin chloride (II) An alternative catalyst for biodiesel production. Energy Fuels, 23,1718-1722,ISSN 0887-0624. 

S. Sharma, D. Medpefli, S. Chen, D.K. Seo, Calcium-modified hierarchically porous aluminosihcate geopolymer as a highly efficient regenerable catalyst for biodiesel production, RSC Adv. 5 (2015) 65454—66561. 

Guan, G., K. Kusakabe, and S. Yamasaki. 2009. Tri-Potassium Phosphate as a Solid Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil. Fuel Processing Technology 90 (4) 520-524. 

Borges ME, Diaz L Recent developments on heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production by oil esterification and transesterification reactions a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16 2839-2849, 2012. http //dx.doi.Org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.071. 

Among the single metal oxides, it is observed that CaO and SrO are widely used where as BaO is reported to be an efficient catalyst in terms of conversion. However, several authors suggested that BaO application is limited due to its poisonous nature and therefore, it appears that SrO could be a better choice for developing potential improved base catalyst for biodiesel production. 

Di Serio, M., lesser, R., Pengmei, L., and Santacesaria, E. Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production. Energy Fuels 22,207-217 (2008). 

GotchtjA. J.,Reeder,A. J., and McCormick. A. Study ofheterogeneous base catalysts for biodiesel production. Journal of Undergraduate Client Res 8, 22-26 (2009). 

Kawashima, A., Matsubaia, K., and Honda, K. Development of heterogeneous base catalysts for biodiesel production. Biores Technol 99,3439-3443 (2008). 

Noiroj, K., Intarapong, P, Luengnamemitchai, A., and Jai-ln, S. A comparative study of K0H/A1203 and KOH/NaY catalysts for biodiesel production via transesterifica-tion from palm oil. Renew Energy 34,1145-1150 (2009). 

Wan, T, Yu, P, Wang, S., and Luo, Y. Apphcation of sodium aluminate as a heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil. Energy Fuels, 23, 1089-1092 (2009). 

Li, Y, Qiu, R, Yang, D., Li, X., and Sun, P. Preparation, characterization and application of heterogeneous sohd base catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil. Biomass and Bioenergy 35,2787-2795 (2011). 

Yang, L., Zhang, A., and Zheng, X. Shrimp shell catalyst for biodiesel production. Energy Fuels 23, 3859-3865 (2009). 

Singh Chouhan, A.P., Sarma, A.K., 2011. Modem heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production a comprehensive review. Renewable Sustainable Energy 15,4378-4399. 

Miguel Rubio-Caballero, J., Santamaria-Gonzalez, J., et al., 2013. Calcium zincate derived heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production by ethanolysis. Fuel 105, 518—522. 

Singh, S., Patel, A., 2015. Mono lacunary phosphotungstate anchored to MCM-41 as recyclable catalyst for biodiesel production via transesterilication of waste cooking oil. Fuel... 

Tan, Y.H., Abdullah, M.O., et al., 2015. Waste ostrich- and chicken-eggshells as heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production from used cooking oil catalyst characterization and biodiesel yield performance. Applied Energy 160, 58—70. 

Due to these disadvantages, research on the transesterification reaction using heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production has increased over the past decade (Lee and Wilson, 2014). Fig. 6.9 summarizes the classification of catalysts. Zhang et al. (2003) argued there is a considerable incentive for the substimtion of liquid bases by solid bases for the following reasons (1) energy intensive product/catalyst separation, (2) corrosiveness, and (3) the costs associated with the disposal of spent or neutralized caustics. 

Adapted from Chouhan, A.P.S., Sarma, A.K., 2011. Modem heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production a comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15(9), 4378—4399. Available at http //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1364032111003595 (accessed 26.05.14.). Copyright 2011 Elsevier. 

Table 6.6 Recent heterogeneous solid acid catalysts for biodiesel production... 

Carrero, A., et al., 2011. Hierarchical zeohtes as catalysts for biodiesel production from Nan-nochloropsis microalga oil. Catalysis Today 167 (1), 148—153. Available at http //www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920586110007996 (accessed 27.04.15.). 

Fu, X., et al., 2013. A microalgae residue based carbon solid acid catalyst for biodiesel production. Bioiesource Technology 146, 767—770. Available at http //www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0%0852413011851 (accessed 22.06.14.). 

Melero, J.A., Iglesias, J., Morales, G., 2009. Heterogeneous acid catalysts for biodiesel production current status and future challenges. Green Chemistry 11 (9), 1285. Available at http //xlink.rsc.org/ DOI=b902086a (accessed 19.06.14.). 

Rashtizadeh, E., Farzaneh, F., Talebpour, Z., 2014. Synthesis and characterization of SrsA Oe nanocomposite as catalyst for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology 154, 32—37. Available at http //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852413018312 (accessed 07.04.15.). 

Sani, Y.M., Baud, W.M.A.W., Abdul Aziz, A.R., 2014. Activity of solid acid catalysts for biodiesel production a critical review. Applied Catalysis A General 470, 140-161. 

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