Catalases activation

Quantitative tests for catalase activity find their greatest usefulness in examination of finished product. For this purpose gasometric methods (36) or chemical methods based upon measurement of residual hydrogen peroxide (2) may be used. In the use of these quantitative methods it might be well to observe the precaution of removing the skins. 

In such an instance it is important to fix the responsibility definitely. So far as peas are concerned, the question may be effectively settled by testing the samples for catalase activity. The absence of positive catalase activity should relieve the packer of responsibility with regard to his processing technique and warrant the conclusion that the product has been subjected to elevated temperature conditions. 

Preparation of luciferase. Organisms were freeze-dried, powdered, and washed with ethyl acetate to destroy the majority of catalase activity. The washed residue was extracted with 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6. The extract was fractionated by ammonium... 

In Candida sp., degradation of the CoA-alkanoic esters to the alkenoic acid esters is catalyzed by an acyl-CoA oxidase and results in the production of H2O2 that is converted into O2 by catalase activity. The enzyme from C. tropicalis contains FAD (Jiang and Thorpe 1983), and in C. lipolytica carries out a stereospecific antielimination of hydrogen (Kawagnchi et al. 1980). 

The heart has a relatively low catalase activity, which, together with the superoxide dismutase (SOD) system, acts to remove hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals. In addition, in man, dietary vitamin C plays an important role in the reduction of vitamin E, an intrinsic antioxidant component of biological membranes (Chen and Thacker, 1986 Niki, 1987). Both vitamins C and E can also react directly with hydroxyl and superoxide radicals (HalliwcU and Gutteridge, 1989 Meister, 1992). 

P., Hubert, M., Decroix, Y. and Sarasin, A. (1986). Deficiency in the catalase activity of Xeroderma pigmentosum cells and simian virus 40 transformed human cell extracts. Cancer Res. 46, 538-544. 

The enzyme is produced by aerobic microbes, which live in the mill waters and in the bio-film located on all wet surfaces. When these bacteria are teased with low concentrations of HP, which is the case in all mills that are using HP, the population will change so that the individuals with the highest catalase activity will have the best opportunities to survive. This adapted population grows and infiltrates the whole circulation water system. 

BTG has invented a Residual HP and Catalase activity detector, which has been further developed in co-operation with BIM to a complete control-system for DIP water systems. Now it is possible to balance on that rope to keep the RHP with a minimum of added Cell link and still have a complete control over the microbes. This system will detect any variations in incoming water or buffer water and it will act according to that. 

Figure 4 BTG Catalase activity and Residual Peroxide Meter...

Later research and full-scale trial have shown that bacteria levels higher than 106 p/ml are dangerous and it is just a matter of time before problems return. If the levels on the other hand are lower than 104 p/ml the process will be stable and it is unlikely that disturbances will occur. (The absolute levels of bacteria may vary due to catalase activity and method of measurement). 

Acatalasemia is a rare hereditary deficiency of tissue catalase and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait (03). This enzyme deficiency was discovered in 1948 by Takahara and Miyamoto (Tl). Two different types of acatalasemia can be distinguished clinically and biochemically. The severe form, Japanese-type acatalasemia, is characterized by nearly total loss of catalase activity in the red blood cells and is often associated with an ulcerating lesion of the oral cavity. The asymptomatic Swiss-type acatalasemia is characterized by residual catalase activity with aberrant biochemical properties. In four unrelated families with Japanese-type acatalasemia, a splicing mutation due to a G-to-A transition at the fifth nucleotide in intron 4 was elucidated (K20, W5). We have also determined a single base deletion resulting in the frameshift and premature translational termination in the Japanese patient (HI6). 

Halaban, R., and Moellmann, G. (1990). Murine and human b locus pigmentation genes encode a glycoprotein (gp75) with catalase activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87 4809-4813. 

Iron appeared to reduce the effects of orally or subcutaneously administered lead on blood enzyme and liver catalase activity (Bota et al. 1982). Treatment of pregnant hamsters with iron- or calcium-deficient diets in conjunction with orally administered lead resulted in embryonic or fetal mortality and abnormalities (ranting, edema) in the litters, while treatment with complete diets and lead did not (Carpenter 1982). Inadequate levels of iron in association with increased body burdens of lead enhanced biochemical changes associated with lead intoxication (Waxman and Rabinowitz 1966). Ferrous iron was reported to protect against the inhibition of hemoglobin synthesis and cell metabolism by lead it has been speculated that iron competes with lead uptake by the cell (Waxman and Rabinowitz 1966). In... 

Singh SM, Sivalingam PM. 1982. In vitro study on the interactive effects of heavy metals on catalase activity of Sarotherodon mossambicus. J Fish Biol 20 683-688. 

Cruz-Ortega, R., Ayala-Cordero, G. and Anaya, A.L. (2002). Allelochemical stress produced by Callicarpa acuminata effects on catalase activity and protein pattern synthesis of crop plants. Physiologia Plantarum 116 20-27... 

Fig. 16. Retardation of the catalase activity of Fe-TAML activators by the dye Safranine O as an electron donor. Conditions [H202] 2.65 x 10-3 M [lk] 1.18 x 10 6M pH 10, 25°C. Inset shows that the rate of 02 evolution is inversely proportional to [Safranine O]. From Ref. (53).

At the same time the interaction of superoxide with MPO may affect a total superoxide production by phagocytes. Thus, the superoxide adduct of MPO (Compound III) is probably quantitatively formed in PMA-stimulated human neutrophils [223]. Edwards and Swan [224] proposed that superoxide production regulate the respiratory burst of stimulated human neutrophils. It has also been suggested that the interaction of superoxide with HRP, MPO, and LPO resulted in the formation of Compound III by a two-step reaction [225]. Superoxide is able to react relatively rapidly with peroxidases and their catalytic intermediates. For example, the rate constant for reaction of superoxide with Fe(III)MPO is equal to 1.1-2.1 x 1061 mol 1 s 1 [226], and the rate constants for the reactions of Oi and HOO with HRP Compound I are equal to 1.6 x 106 and 2.2 x 1081 mol-1 s-1, respectively [227]. Thus, peroxidases may change their functions, from acting as prooxidant enzymes and the catalysts of free radical processes, and acquire antioxidant catalase properties as shown for HRP [228] and MPO [229]. In this case catalase activity depends on the two-electron oxidation of hydrogen peroxide by Compound I. 

Overproduction of free radicals by erythrocytes and leukocytes and iron overload result in a sharp increase in free radical damage in T1 patients. Thus, Livrea et al. [385] found a twofold increase in the levels of conjugated dienes, MDA, and protein carbonyls with respect to control in serum from 42 (3-thalassemic patients. Simultaneously, there was a decrease in the content of antioxidant vitamins C (44%) and E (42%). It was suggested that the iron-induced liver damage in thalassemia may play a major role in the depletion of antioxidant vitamins. Plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and conjugated dienes were elevated in (3-thalassemic children compared to controls together with compensatory increase in SOD activity [386]. The development of lipid peroxidation in thalassemic erythrocytes probably depends on a decrease in reduced glutathione level and decreased catalase activity [387]. 

Catalase and glutathione peroxidase provide two important cellular systems for eliminating H202. Catalase, a 56kDa cytosolic hemoprotein homotetramer that can act without a cofactor, although it may bind NAD(P)H, functions as a peroxidase to convert H202 to water. It can be irreversibly inactivated by oxidation and demonstrates decreased activity after ischemia-reperfusion. Catalase is more abundant in astrocytes than in neurons and in white matter than in gray matter, but it can be induced in neurons by neurotrophins. There is substantially less catalase activity in brain than in other tissues, such as liver. 

Radhaiah, V. and S.V.K. Reddy. 1989. Toxic impact of fenvalerate on superoxide dismutase and catalase activity levels in liver, muscle and gill tissues of a freshwater fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters). Biochem. Inter. 18 655-660. 

Geukensia demissa 93 elevated catalase activity, lipid peroxidation rate, and total superoxide dismutase levels in 12-36 h 15... 

The transient production of compounds II and in has been reported during stimulation of neutrophils by fMet-Leu-Phe and PMA, respectively. Ferric myeloperoxidase and compound III show catalase activity, even in the presence of CP, when H2O2 concentrations are in excess of 200 pM. Thus, under these conditions, O2 formation will occur at the expense of HOCI forma-... 

Study of plasma catalase activity on an individual basis has been limited in scope. For 50 adults the range was found to be from 4.2 to 9.5 per ml. of plasma. 19 One of the normal individuals was studied for five days, and the following values were obtained 9.5, 8.5, 9.5, 7.0, 9.5. Further study is required before one could conclude definitely that there are significant inter-individual differences. The available evidence points in that direction. In various anemias the values may be 50 or more. In one "diagnostic problem case" the value was 42. It seems highly probable that "normal" differences have physiological significance. 

Hatchikian CE, LeGall J, Bell GR. 1977. Significance of snperoxide dismntase and catalase activities in the strict anaerobes, sulfate-redncing bacteria. In Michael AM, McCord JM,Fridovich I, editors. Snperoxide and snperoxide dismntase. New York Academic Press, p 159-72. 

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