Casing liner

Acids injected down hole for scale removal treatments are extremely corrosive to the production tubing and casing liners. Inhibitors are added to the... 

Pumps with semiopen impellers in an erosive service shall have a replaceable casing liner. 

Laboratory measurements on stored samples are common, but many precautions must be observed. Samples must be representative of the propellant grain, enclosed in its case-liner insulation envelope. Since diffusion paths and exposed surface area may be germane to aging, these characteristics require duplication in aging samples. There is considerable evidence also that samples stored in sealed containers deteriorate much more rapidly and by different mechanisms than those exposed to the atmosphere. 

CASE LINER PISTON PISTON ROD. PISTON RING... 

In this industry, intellectual capital is the primary input to the product, with the material content in the final product being trivial. We bring home, download, or watch a movie for its entertainment value, not for the case, liner notes, and disc that comprise its package. Accordingly, the physical form of the product is a minor portion of the price we pay. More than 90 percent of our dollar goes to creativity components from artists, writers, directors, and producers. 

Flow in an expeller is complex and depends on the difference in relative motion between the stationary surface of the case liner and the rotating disk of the expeller. 

The bare foot completion, which leaves an open hole section below the previous casing, is cheap, simple and suitable for consolidated formations which have little tendency to collapse. The slotted liner s an uncemented section of casing with small intermittent slots cut along its length, which prevents the hole from collapsing, but allows no selectivity of the interval which will be produced. The cased and cemented horizontal completion does allow a choice of which intervals will be perforated and produced. None of these examples provides any effective sand exclusion it this is required a gravel pack or a pre-packed liner can be used. 

Cement is then placed across the open perforations and partially squeezed Into the formation to seal off all production zones. Depending on the well configuration it is normal to set a series of cement and wireline plugs in both the liner and production casing (see Figure 16.2), to a depth level with the top of cement behind the production casing. 

Similar behaviour occurs when trying to locate voids in concrete cast behind steel plates, e g. the steel liner in nuclear containment walls. Our own experience has shown that in the case of a steel liner (encast at depth 250 mm) the reflected compression waves are dominant regardless of the condition of the concrete behind the plate. 

In most cases the sample bottle has a wide mouth, making it easy to fill and remove the sample. A narrow-mouth sample bottle is used when exposing the sample to the container cap or to the outside environment is undesirable. Unless exposure to plastic is a problem, caps for sample bottles are manufactured from polyethylene. When polyethylene must be avoided, the container cap includes an inert interior liner of neoprene or Teflon. 

Propellants cast into rockets are commonly case-bonded to the motors to achieve maximum volumetric loading density. The interior of the motor is thoroughly cleaned, coated using an insulating material, and then lined with a composition to which the propellant binder adheres under the environmental stresses of the system. The insulation material is generally a mbber-type composition, filled with siUca, titanium dioxide, or potassium titanate. SiUca-filled nitrate mbber and vulcanizable ethylene—propylene mbber have been used. The liner generally consists of the same base polymer as is used in the propellant. It is usually appHed in a thin layer, and may be partially or fully cured before the propellant is poured into the rocket. 

Rigid paperboard containers are made of paper greater than 0.254 mm (0.010 in) in caUper and include folding cartons, cormgated ftberboard cases, and spiral wound composite cans. Many paperboard cartons require the use of inner liners or overwraps, made of protective grades of paper, plastic, or aluminum foil laminations. 

Damage will be confined to the bubble-collapse region, usually immediately downstream of the low-pressure zone. Components exposed to high velocity or turbulent flow, such as pump impellers and valves, are subject. The suction side of pumps (Case History 12.3) and the discharge side of regulating valves (Fig. 12.6 and Case History 12.4) are frequently affected. Tube ends, tube sheets, and shell outlets in heat exchanger equipment have been affected, as have cylinder liners in diesel engines (Case History 12.1). 

Vibration appears/disappears suddenly with mcreasmg/decreasmg speed, respectively. Loose component Rotor sleeves/impellers become loose as speed is increased Bearing liners, housings, or selfaligning spherical casts have loose fits Loose casing or supports... 

Length. Combustor length must be sufficient to provide for flame stabilization, combustion, and mixing with dilution air. The typical value of the length-to-diameter ratio for liners ranges from three to six. Ratios for casing range from two to four. 

Liner holes. Liner area to casing area and liner hold area to casing area are important to the performance of combustors. For example, the pressure loss coefficient has a minimum value in the range of 0.6 of the liner area/ casing area ratio with a temperature ratio of 4 1. 

Loose assembly of bearing liner, bearing casing, or casing and support Loose rotor shrink fits Friction-induced whirl Thrust bearing damage... 

---