Cartilage compressed

Cartilage -Compressive resistance -Flexibility -Anisotropic Strength = 5-40 MPa Modulus = 1-10 MPa (tension), 1 MPa (compression)... 

Have role in compressibility of cartilage in weight-bearing (HA,CS)... 

The authors have now reviewed in detail four cases of unexpected death following the use of neck holds in PCP-intoxicated individuals. In all of the cases, multiple carotid compression holds had been attempted, according to the history. Skin abrasions, hemorrhage into the soft tissues of the neck, and fractures of the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage provide structural evidence of the application of substantial force to the neck. On autopsy, there has been no evidence of lethal injuries to the bronchial tree, bra in, or heart. 

Lai, W.M. and Mow, V.C. (1980) Drag-induced compression of articular cartilage during a permeation experiment. Biorheology, 17, 111-123. 

Soulhat, 1, Buschmann, M.D. and Shirazi-Adl, A. (1999) A fibril-network-reinforced model biphasic model of cartilage in unconfined compression. Journal of Biomechanical... 

In articular cartilage, streaming potentials have been demonstrated by permeation experiments and confined compression experiments [2, 4, 7, 9, 14, 15], In the permeation experiments, a hydrostatic pressure gradient is applied across the sample. The pressure generates a fluid flow and a streaming potential that can be measured [9, 15]. 

Streaming potentials are also generated by deformation of the tissue. Lee et al. [14] and Frank et al. [4] measured streaming potentials generated by oscillatory compression experiments. Chen et al. [2] measured streaming potentials in confined compression experiments. In these experiments, bovine cartilage discs were subjected to step changes of the compressive stress. 

In our confined swelling and compression experiment, we also applied a mechanical load to the sample (t = 12.5 h). We measured a streaming potential A = 0.85 0.65 mV. The change in the mechanical load A a equals -0.117 MPa. Thus, the value for the electrokinetic coefficient is —7.3 5.6 mV MPa-1. This was in the same range as measured for bovine cartilage. 

Chen, A.C., Nguyen, T.T. and Sah, R.L. (1999) Streaming potentials during the confined compression creep test of normal and proteoglycan-depleted cartilage. Annals of Biomechanical Engineering 25, 269-277... 

Grodzinsky, A.J., Lipshitz, H. and Glimcher, MJ. (1978) Electromechanical properties of articular cartilage during compression and stress-relaxation. Nature 275, 448 150... 

Davisson, T., Kunig, S., Chen, A., Sah, R., and Ratcliffe, A. (2002) Static and dynamic compression modulate matrix metabolism in tissue engineered cartilage. J. Orth. Res. 20, 842-848... 

Quinn, T.M., Studer, C., Grodzinsky, A.J., and Meister, J.J. (2002) Preservation and analysis of nonequilibrium solute concentration distributions within mechanically compressed cartilage explants. J. Biochem. Biophys. Meth. 52, 83-95... 

Figure 9.6. Diagram illustrating the pretension present in the superficial zone of articular cartilage. Normal articular cartilage shown at the top is loaded in tension across the surface like a drumhead that is pulled taut over a drum. When a piece of cartilage is cut from the surface, it curls as a result of release of this tension, as shown in the lower diagram. The presence of tension in the superficial zone makes articular cartilage behave like a drumhead, allowing compressive forces applied to the surface at specific points to be distributed across the surface to lower local stresses. The presence of tension on the chondrocytes in the superficial layer may be important to limit inflammation and support reparative processes by stimulating mechanochemical transduction.

Loening AM, James IE, Levenston ME, Badger AM, Frank EH, Kurz B, Nuttall ME, Hung H-H, Blake SM, Grodzinsky AJ, Lark MW. Injurious mechanical compression of bovine articular cartilage indices chondrocyte apoptosis. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000 381 205-212. 

Wong M, Siegrist M, Cao X. Cyclic compression of articular cartilage explants is associated with progressive consolidation and altered expression pattern extracellular matrix proteins. Matrix Biol. 1999 18 391-399. 

Fitzgerald JB, Jin M, Dean D et al. (2004) Mechanical compression of cartilage explants induces multiple time-dependent gene expression patterns and involves intracellular calcium and cyclic AMR J Biol Chemistry 279 19502-19511 Hunter CJ, Mouw JK, Levenston ME (2004) Dynamic compression of chondrocyte-seeded fibrin gels effects on matrix accumulation and mechanical stiffness. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 12 117-130... 

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