Carrageenans VOLUME

Turgal stimulant activity. Hot water extract of 7 g Bupleurum falcatum, 5 g Pinelhi temata, 3 g Scutellaria baicalensis, 4 g Zin ber officinale, 3 g Panax ginseng, 3 g Zizyphus inermis, and 2 g Glycyrrhiza glabra, administered intraperitoneally to rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg, decreased the volume of exudate in carrageenan-induced pleurisy ° k Urease inhibition. Water extract of the rhizome, at a concentration of 0.3 mg/mL, was inactive ° k... 

Figure 7.7 Serum volume fraction after 21 days storage in emulsions made with 0.14 wt% locust bean gum and skim milk powder (black columns) or sodium caseinate (white columns), and containing 400 ppm Ca2+, as a function of the added K-carrageenan concentration. Reproduced from Vega et al. (2005) with permission.

Two commonly used models to detect anti-inflammatory activity are carrageenan-induced paw edema and adjuvant-induced polyarthritis in rats. The former represents an acute and the latter a chronic inflammatory process. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents inhibit the formation of carrageenan-induced paw edema. However, to detect activity in the developing and established phases of chronic inflammation, the polyarthritis model is well accepted. In both tests the measured endpoint is volume of the hind paw. This is done by immersing the hind paw in the well of a mercury displacement... 

In the gel network there are zones, where the polymers interact, and large segments, where the macromolecules are randomly extended. The lattice is responsible for the elasticity and the textural strength of the product. In multicomponent gels all constituents may form separate or coupled networks, or else one component, not involved in network formation, may indirectly affect the gelling by steric exclusion of the active molecules. Such exclusion increases the concentration of the active component in the volume of the solution where the gel is formed. In gels made from the mince of squid meat at 1.5% NaCl, the added carrageenan and egg whites form separate networks that support the structure made of squid proteins, while added... 

The aerogel of carrageenan presents a completely different texture. The mesopore volume corresponds to the whole porosity of the material (see Table 1) and mesopores present a quite narrow diameter distribution centered at 18 run. In this case, the pores correspond to residual cavities which are still accessible after a... 

The in vivo assays that have been employed to evaluate COX-2 inhibitors are well known and have been in use for some time. The carrageenan-induced paw oedema assay [67] in the rat has been used as a model for assessing the effect of NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors in an acute inflammatory response. Injection of carrageenan into the hind foot pad results in a significant increase in paw volume three hours after injection. Paw volume is measured with a displacement plethysmometer and the volume increase is used... 

What would happen if to the carrageenan solution an equal volume were added of Water Ethanol... 

Excluded volume effects may increase the effective concentration of K-carrageenan and the reduction of available water for each macromolecule may lead to increased inter- and intra-helix interactions in the polysaccharide. In the presence of other proteins (i.e. milk proteins) K-carrageenan gel formation involved mainly carrageenan - carrageenan cross-linkages and not polysaccharide - protein interactions.5,9... 

Although reaction in JV,N-dimethyIformamide greatly facilitates methylation, the method suffers from the limitation that it often gives low recoveries of methylated polysaccharides, and the effectiveness of the methylation appears to depend on the volume of N,M-dimethylformamide used. Even with monosaccharides, incomplete methylation has been reported. D. A. Rees and coworkers have given detaUs of a modified Kuhn methylation for carrageenan, and they also described the methylation of dextran and of a xylan from red seaweed in N-methyl-2-pyr-rolidinone. A micro Kuhn method suitable for oligosaccharides has been described by Perila and Bishop. ... 

Drugs were administered orally 1 hr before carrageenan injection in 28 male Wistar rats, random assigned to four groups. Paw volumes were measured at the abscissa times, after carrageenan injection. 

Finally, also the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the EO from Eremanthus erythropappus (Asteraceae) leaves were reported by a Brazilian author group. The EO proved to be significantly antinociceptive in the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, as well in the formalin test, and also in both phases of the paw-licking test, and in the hot-plate test. The exudate volume after intrapleural injection of carrageenan was significantly reduced as well as the leukocyte mobilization by administration of this oil 4 h before the start of the study (Sousa et al., 2008). 

The solid character of K-carrageenan gels arises from the formation of a three-dimensional network, which extends continuously through the entire volume and entraps the dispersed... 

However, when polysaccharide concentration is very low, even though K-carrageenan exists as aggregated helical chains, such aggrej tes are not enough to occupy all the volume and one obtains a salt solution in which short and fragmented K-carrageenan networks are dispersed in the continuous phase. 

---