Carotenoids in tomato

Elevation of carotenoids in tomato by genetic manipulation , J iE oot/Tgnc,... 

Britton, G. and Goodwin, T.W., The occurrence of phytoene-1,2-oxide and related carotenoids in tomatoes. Phytochemistry, 8, 2257, 1969. 

Lin, C. H. and B. H. Chen. 2005. Stability of carotenoids in tomato juice during storage. Food Chem. 90 ... 

Lycopene, the predominant carotenoid in tomatoes (Solatium lycopersicum), exhibits the highest antioxidant activity and singlet oxygen quenching ability of all dietary... 

Blakely, S., Brown, E., Babu, U., Grundel, E., and Mitchell, G. 1994. Bioavailability of carotenoids in tomato paste and dried spinach and their interactions with canthaxanthin. FASEB J. 8, 192. 

Tiziani, S. Schwartz, S.J. Vodovotz, Y. 2006. Profiling of carotenoids in tomato juice by one- and two-dimensional NMR. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54 6094-6100. 

Separation and Assay. H.p.l.c. methods have been described for the determination of chloroplast pigments,phytoplankton pigments,and provitamin A carotenoids in tomatoes.Other chromatographic procedures have been devised for the separation of Capsicum carotenoids and chloroplast pigments from tobacco mutants, " and methods for the high-speed video-densitometric determination of carotenoids separated by t.l.c., and for the dual assay of carotenoids and vitamin A in human liver have been reported. H.p.l.c. has been used for the separation of cis-trans-isomers of retinal, retinol and retinyl... 

In summary, preprocessing factors that affect the level of carotenoids in tomatoes include variety, water (irrigation) and fertilization practices, temperature and light, degree of maturity at harvest, harvest time and postharvest storage. 

Another important matter to consider in carotenoid breeding programs with tomatoes is the influence of the environment on the expression of the character. The content of carotenoids in tomato fruits depends not only on the genotypic potential, but also on the environmental effect and on the interaction between genotype and enviromnent. This environmental influence determines the character heritabUity and highly influences the success of selections in breeding programs. 

Adalid A, Herrero-Martinez JM, Rosello S, Maquieira A, Nuez F (2007) Fast determination of prominent carotenoids in tomato fruits by CEC using methacrylate ester-based monoUthic... 

Leonl C (1992) Industrial quality as influenced by crop management. Acta Hort 301 177-184 Hamauzu Y, Chachin K, Ueda Y (1998) Effect of postharvest temperature on the conversion of 14C-mevalonic acid to carotenes in tomato fruit. J Jpn Soc Hort Sci 67 549-555 McCollum JP (1954) Effects of light on the formation of carotenoids in tomato fruits. Food Res 19 182-189... 

Gj-S transition in the cell cycle and suggests that muscadine grape skin extracts contain chemopreventive phytochemicals other than resveratrol. Lycopene (Fig. 4), a potent antioxidant carotenoid in tomatoes and other fruits, protects against prostate (Dahan et al., 2008) and other cancers (Seren et al., 2008). Plant sterol-enriched foods are an effective dietary adjuvant in reducing cardiovascular risk by lowering total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in serum by up to 15% (Patch et al., 2006 Jones et al., 2000). 

ENZYMATIC OXIDATION OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND CAROTENOIDS IN TOMATO FRUIT... 

ATR-IR spectroscopy was used for in situ analysis of naturally occurring carotenoids in tomato fruits and tomato products [5]. Most important pigments of red tomato fruits are lycopene and /i-carotene, which are 11- and 9-conjugated carotenes, respectively. 

Lycopene is the principal pigment found in tomatoes and is responsible for the characteristic deep-red color of ripe tomato fruits and tomato products. Lycopene is the most abundant carotenoid in tomatoes, and represent about 83% of the total pigments present II). Tomatoes and tomato products are the major source of lycopene, and are considered to be an important contributor of carotenoids to the human diet. Deep-red fresh tomato finits are considered to... 

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