Carotenoids high performance liquid

FIGURE 6.14 Carotenoid high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile of a pigment extract from animal product (egg-yolk). Peaks 1, canthaxanthin 2, lutein 3, zeax-anthin 4, a-carotene 5, (i-carotene. Mobile phase A acetonitrile, B dichloromethane/hexane (1 1), and C methanol flow rate, 0.7 mL/min detection at 470 nm. (From Khachik, F. et al.. Methods Enzymol., 213, 205, 1992.)... 

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been by far the most important method for separating chlorophylls. Open column chromatography and thin layer chromatography are still used for clean-up procedures to isolate and separate carotenoids and other lipids from chlorophylls and for preparative applications, but both are losing importance for analytical purposes due to their low resolution and have been replaced by more effective techniques like solid phase, supercritical fluid extraction and counter current chromatography. The whole analysis should be as brief as possible, since each additional step is a potential source of epimers and allomers. 

Mantoura, R.F.C. and Llewellyn, C.A., The rapid determination of algal chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments and their breakdown products in natural waters by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, A a/. Chim. Acta, 151, 297, 1983. 

Although saponification was found to be unnecessary for the separation and quantification of carotenoids from leafy vegetables by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or open column chromatography (OCC), saponification is usually employed to clean the extract when subsequent purification steps are required such as for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and production of standards from natural sources. 

Kamber, M. and Pfander, H., Separation of carotenoids by high performance liquid chromatography. III. 1,2-epoxycarotenoids, J. Chromatogr, 295, 295, 1984. 

Melendez-Martinez, A.J., Vicario, I.M., and Heredia, F.J., A routine high-performance liquid chromatography method for carotenoid determination in ultrafrozen orange juices, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 4219, 2003. 

Because carotenoids are light- and oxygen-sensitive, a closed-loop hyphenated technique such as the on-line coupling of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) together with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can be used for the artifact-free structural determination of the different isomers. 

Putzbach, K., Krucker, M., Grynbaum, M. D., Hentschel, P., Webb, A. G., and Albert, K. 2005. Hyphenation of capillary high-performance liquid chromatography to microcoil magnetic resonance spectroscopy—Determination of various carotenoids in a small-sized spinach sample. J. Pharm. Biomed Anal. 38 910-917. 

Chen, X. (1991). An electrochemical, EPR study of carotenoids and high performance liquid chromatography separation of cis-trans isomers of canthaxantin. MS thesis, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL. 

Stradi, R., Celentano, G., and Nava, D. 1995. Separation and identification of carotenoids in bird s plumage by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection. J. Chromatogr. B 670 337-348. 

Khachik F, Beecher GR and Goli MG. 1991. Separation, identification, and quantification of carotenoids in fruits, vegetables and human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. Pure Appl Chem... 

J. Oliver, A. Palou and A. Pons, Semi-quantification of carotenoids by high-performance liquid chromatography saponification-induced losses in fatty foods. J. Chromatogr.A 829 (1998) 393-399. 

A. Cichelli and G.P. Pertesana, High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of chlorophylls, pheophytins and carotenoids in virgin olive oils chemometric approach to variety classification. J. Chromatogr.A 1046 (2004) 141-146. 

Craft, N.E. 1992. Carotenoid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography methods Reference compendium. In Methods in Enzy-mology, Vol. 213, pp.185-203. Academic Press, San Diego. 

RJ Bushway. Separation of carotenoids in fruits and vegetables by high performance liquid chromatography. J Liq Chromat 8 1527-1547, 1985. 

Lacker T, Strohschein S and Albert K, Separation and identification of various carotenoids by C30 reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to UV and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 854 37 14 (1999). 

Pfander H and Riesen R, Chromatography Part TV. High-performance liquid chromatography. In Carotenoids, vol. 1A, Eds., Britton G, Liaaen-Jensen S and Pfander H, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, pp. 145-190 (1995). 

A. BenAmotz, Simultaneous profiling and identification of carotenoids, retinols, and tocopherols by high performance liquid chromatography equipped with three-dimensional photodiode array detection, J. Liquid Chromatogr., 18 122 (1995). 

Abayachi and Riley [100] used high performance liquid chromatography to determine chlorophylls, and their degradation products, and carotenoids in phytoplankton and marine particulate matter. 

Schweiggert, U., Kammerer, R.D., Carle, R. and Schieber, A. (2005) Characterization of carotenoids and carotenoid esters in red pepper pods (Capsicum annuum L.) by high performance liquid chromatog-raphy/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 1 9, 261 7-2628. 

Barua, A.B. 2001. Improved normal-phase and reversed-phase gradient high-performance liquid chromatography procedures for the analysis of retinoids and carotenoids in human serum, plant and animal tissues. J. Chromatogr. A 936 71-82. 

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