Care system adoption

In recognition of the cmcial role African traditional medicine plays in health care delivery in Africa, in 2001, the Regional Strategy on Traditional Medicine for WHO African region was adopted. The Regional Strategy aims at promoting the development and institutionalization of traditional medicine into the public health care system. Furthermore, in 2001, the Summit of African Heads of States declared 2001-2010 the Decade for African Traditional Medicine. 

Where cost is a factor in noncompliance, the patient may attempt to ration medication by adopting a constant reduced dose. The physician can help the patient in some cases by change of prescription to a more cost-effective (for the patient) regimen—though this may not be possible within the constraints of the health care system. Because patients are often embarrassed to admit to difficulties paying for medications, the first step in addressing this barrier to compliance is sensitivity and open communication (prior to prescribing) that directly assesses if cost constraints are present. 

Treatment of Lyes.—The spent lyes withdrawn from the soap-pans are cooled, and the soap, which has separated during the cooling, is carefully removed and returned to the soap-house for utilisation in the manufacture of brown soap. Spent lyes may vary in their content of glycerol from 3 to 8 per cent., and this depends not only upon the system adopted in the working of the soap-pans, but also upon the materials used. Although, in these days of pure caustic soda, spent lyes are more free from impurities than formerly, the presence of sulphides and sulphites should be carefully avoided, if it is desired to produce good glycerine. 

All these standards have since been adopted by the member countries as their national standards, fully or in slightly modified forms, to suit their own requirements and working conditions. These standards define and clarify the quality norms and aim at in-house quality disciplines, to automatically and continually produce a product, provide a service or programme to the stipulated specifications, quality norms and customer needs. They guarantee a product or service with a minimum quality. The envisaged quality systems thus aim at a work culture that pervades all those involved in different key activities or processes, to achieve the desired goal through carefully evolved systems. 

Benzene, which has been used as a solvent successfully and extensively in the past for reactions and purification by chromatography and crystallisation is now considered a very dangerous substance so it hasto be used with extreme care. We emphasise that an alternative solvent system to benzene (e.g. toluene, toluene-petroleum ether, or a petroleum ether to name a few) should be used first. However, if no other solvent system can be found then all operations involving benzene have to be performed in an efficient fumehood and precautions must be taken to avoid inhalation and contact with skin and eyes. Whenever benzene is mentioned in the text an asterisk e.g. C Hg or benzene, is inserted to remind the user that special precaution should be adopted. 

The practice of corrosion inhibition requires that the inhibitive species should have easy access to the metal surface. Surfaces should therefore be clean and not contaminated by oil, grease, corrosion products, water hardness scales, etc. Furthermore, care should be taken to avoid the presence of deposited solid particles, e.g. stones, swarf, building materials, etc. This ideal state of affairs is often difficult to achieve but there are many cases where less than adequate consideration has been given to the preparation of systems to receive inhibitive treatment. Acid treatments, notably with 3-5% citric acid, with or without associated detergent washes, are often recommended and adopted for cleaning systems prior to inhibition. However, it is not always appreciated that these treatments will not remove particulate material particularly when, as is often the case, the material is insoluble in acids. 

The needle stick log will help both employees and employers track all needle sticks to help identify problem areas. The log must be maintained to protect the confidentiality of the injured employee. In addition, employers must have a written Exposure Control Plan that is updated annually. During the annual review, inquiries must be made about new or prospective safer options. If new safer devices are available, they should be adopted for use in the agency. The new guidelines will help reduce needle stick injuries among health care workers and others who handle medical sharps. Safety engineered devices such as self-sheathing needles and needleless systems can be used. 

If preferred, the data system may be used to subtract the background spectrum (Figure 3.14) from that of the analyte (Figure 3.16). This manipulation yields the spectrum shown in Figure 3.17, in which the ions from the background are now totally absent. Care must be taken when adopting this procedure to ensure that any contribution from the analyte is not removed when ions at the same m/z value arise from both the background and the analyte of interest. 

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