Carcinogens: classification tables

Table 1.1. Weight-of-Evidence Carcinogenicity Classification Scheme as Determined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency...

Table 12.4 Carcinogen Classification System of the National Toxicology Program...

Part D Table Relating Approximate Equivalences Among lARC, NTP RoC, and GHS Carcinogenicity Classifications... 

TABLE 5.21 Classification of Carcinogenicity of Chemicals According to the International Agency on Research on Cancer... 

International, national, and state regulations and guidelines pertinent to human exposure to phenol are summarized in Table 7-1. The IARC classification for phenol is Group 3, not classifiable with regard to its carcinogenicity to humans (IARC 1989). 

Finally, some recognition must be made of the term carcinogen since many of the environmental effects noted in this book can lead to cancer. Carcinogens are cancer-causing substances, and there is a growing awareness of the presence of carcinogenic materials in the environment. A classification scheme is provided for such materials (Table 1.1). The number of substances with which a person... 

Table 16.3 IARC classification scheme for human carcinogenicity...

The following table contains data on chemicals often used in the analytical laboratory, which have come under scrutiny for their suspected or observed carcinogenicity.1-7 The reader is advised to use these tables with care, as there is a great deal of volatility in the classifications as new data become available. It is suggested that the reader maintain a current file of data from the appropriate regulatory agencies, and to err on the side of caution. 

The information on each chemical substance is concise and easy to understand. It includes the chemical name with CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) number, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) name, molecular formula, synonyms and trade names, use and exposure, toxicity and health effects, whether it is carcinogenic, exposure limits, and methods of proper storage and disposal, with relevant references. Tables and appendices provide additional information. In certain chapters of this book, chemical substances are listed in alphabetical order to facilitate speedy and easy access for the reader the classifications of chemical substances are included separately. 

The lARC classifications for the carcinogenic risk from exposure to some laboratory solvents (and other selected reagents) are summarised in Table 11.9. Other toxic effects for classes of solvents categorised by functional group are given in Table 11.10. 

General and specific considerations concerning labelling requirements are provided in Hazard communication Labelling (Chapter 1.4). Annex 2 contains summary tables about classification and labelling. Annex 3 contains examples of precautionary statements and pictograms which can be used where allowed by the competent authority. Table 3.6.2 below presents specific label elements for substances and mixtures that are classified as carcinogenic based on the criteria set forth in this chapter. 

Safety Data Sheets (SDS) should be produced for all substances and mixtures which meet the harmonized criteria for physical, health or environmental hazards under the GHS and for all mixtures which contain substances that meet the criteria for carcinogenic, toxic to reproduction or target organ systemic toxicity in concentrations exceeding the cut-off limits for SDS specified by the criteria for mixtures (see Table 1.5.1 in Chapter 1.5). The competent authority (CA) may also require SDS for mixtures not meeting the criteria for classification as hazardous but which contain hazardous substances in certain concentrations (see Chapter 3.2). The CA may also require SDS for substances or mixtures that meet the criteria for classification as hazardous for non-GHS classes/end-points. An SDS is a well-accepted and effective method for the provision of information, and may be used to convey information for substances or mixtures that do not meet or are not included in the GHS classification criteria. 

Cardnogenicity Testing Past, Present, and Futnre Table 3 Main classification of chemical carcinogens 437... 

A result of the risk assessments was that DEHP, DBP and BBP are toxic for reproduction. Accordingly, they were classified as CMR (carcinogen, mutagen, reprotoxic) substances, category 2 which is reflected in the classification and labelling with R-phrases 60-62 (Tables 12, 13). 

The toxicity to mammals of the JH-active insecticides is very low. In the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system, they are all in class III (Table V). The rat oral LD50 (lethal dose in 50% of the population) is >5000 mg/kg, and the toxicity to fish and birds is also low. Indications for mutagenic, carcinogenic, or teratogenic effects are not found. To bee larvae, JH-active insecticides are, of course, rather toxic (e.g., 0.1 pg/bee for hydroprene), while for adult bees they are essentially nontoxic. 

A battery of tests developed by Dutka et al. 1986 to test the sediments of near-shore sites of Lake Ontario (Canadian part) is used to exemplify the definitions and some results of HDT. In Lake Ontario 55 sediment samples were tested, thus, the set E contains 55 objects. Dutka et al. classified their results and used discrete scores instead of the measured (raw) data. For our analysis we have adopted their classification. Thus, s, denotes the score of the i-th test of the battery. Five specific tests form the actual battery (1) Fecal Coliforms FC , as an indicator designed to control the health state of the sediments, (2) Coprostanol CP and (3) Cholesterol CH both being indicators of loadings by fecals, (4) Microtox tests MT and (5) Genotoxicity tests GT disclosing some kind of acute toxicity and the potential for carcinogenicity, respectively (see Table 3). 

TABLE VI. EPA Classification System for Weight of the Evidence of Human Carcinogenicity... 

In 1968, the classification of pesticides depending on their degree of hazard was proposed for the purposes of hygienic selection, and was modified in 1987. In addition to the WHO classiflcation it covers the chemical assessment for both concordance with the LD50 and criteria such as cumulation, persistence, carcinogenicity, embryotoxicity, and ability to cause allergy (see Table 19.1). 

Some endpoints cannot be measured on a continuous scale, or for scientific or regulatory purposes can only be divided into two or more qualitative classes, for instance active/inactive. Goodness of fit can be described by the Cooper statistics, introduced to assess the significance of carcinogenicity tests.The goodness of fit parameters for a 2-level classification are shown in Table 9.3. This table is often, and very aptly, entitled a confusion matrix. 

Table 3.20 Classification for carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reproductive properties.

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