Carcinogenic component

O Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun is recognized as one of the primary triggers for skin carcinogenesis. Based on their wavelengths, UV radiation is divided into three components UVA (320 00 nm), UVB (280-320 nm), and UVC (200-280 nm).15 UVB accounts for only 5% of the solar radiation that reaches the earth, but it is the primary carcinogenic component in the UV spectrum.15 The following sequence of events describes the process in which UV radiation causes skin cancer (1) UV radiation reaches the earth, and on the skin, it reaches the cells in the epidermal layer (i.e., squamous cells, basal cells, and melanocytes),16 (2) the UV radiation (specifically... 

Effect of carcinogenic components of cigarette smoke on in vivo production of murine interferon. Cancer Res 1983 43(10) 4720-4722. 

Von Uexkiill O, Skerfving S, Doyle R, Braungart M (2005) Antimony in brake pads - a carcinogenic component J Clean Prod 13(1) 19—31... 

The peroxide (ozone) forming effects of nitrous oxides near ground level as well as the carcinogenic components of Diesel exhaust are the reason Diesel engines have recently also been subjected to special emission guidelines. They supposedly pose a danger to human respiration. This is why the studies conducted in Germany of health hazards posed by Diesel exhaust were almost entirely confined to analyses of the proportions of smoke solids and non-combusted hydrocarbons.57... 

SAFETY PROFILE Suspected carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data. A moderate irritant. May contain carcinogenic components. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. To fight fire, use foam, CO2, or dry chemical. 

Artificial food colors are synthetic dyes manufactured from petroleum that have no nutritional value. Some of these are, however, neurotoxic and others contain carcinogenic components. 35 37l For example, some children whose diets contained artificial food colors were found to exhibit symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Removal of the artificial food colors from their diets eliminated the symptomsJ35 In vitro exposure to a mixture of blue 1 and yellow 5 was found to induce malignant cell transformation J38 ... 

The above represent the most widely available generic approach to hydrocarbon assessment. Risks from carcinogenic components (BTEX PAH) are assessed first as they usually drive die risks. The remaining petroleum hydrocarbons are assessed as a series of 13 fractions defined on the basis of Equivalent carbon (EC) numbers rather than carbon numbers . The EC number is related to the boiling point of individual compounds and retention time on a GC column. For example, the EC number of benzene is 6.5 because its boiling point and GC retention time are approximately halfway between those of 77-hexane (6-carbon chain) and 77-heptane (7-carbon chain). The TPHCWG chose the concept of EC numbers because these values are more logically related to compound mobility in the environment than carbon numbers. 

Bentley, H.R. A study of carcinogenic components in tobacco smoke Brit. Emp. Cancer Camp., Ann. Rpt. 39... 

Wieske,R. UntersuchungeniibercancerogeneBestandteile im Tabakrauch [Investigations of the carcinogenic components in tobacco smoke] Arzneimittelforschung 7 (1957) 324-329. 

These measures lead to a reduction of the emission levels as well as a shift in the PAH profile, whereby the emission of carcinogenic components are reduced by a greater margin than the non-carcinogenic components. 

The equivalent air-fuel-ratio also influences the PAH profile. The profile describes the mass relationship of the different PAH components. The portion of carcinogenic components of Epah drops with increasing X. In Fig. 3 the reduction of "Chrysene (consisting of Chrysene + Benzo(a)anthracene + Cyclopenta(cd)pyrene + Triphenylene) is illustrated for mixture leaning. Benzo(a)pyrene also drops from 3 % at X = 0,9 to approx. 2 % at X = 1,1. The non-carcinogenic component Pyrene is mainly the component which proportionally increases with increasing X. 

In the effort to reduce emissions as well as fuel consumption, the development of modern production engines has followed these guidelines. This has resulted not only in a considerable reduction in PAH pollution through spark ignition engines but also has shifted the PAH profile towards the non-carcinogenic components. ... 

There is no data available on the solvent emissions from these materials but their seale of production suggests that their emissions are probably comparable with the entire rubber industry. This is one industry which should be closely monitored not only because of the emission of the above listed solvents but because some of the low grade solvents used contain large quantities of benzene and hexane. It is also cause for concern that asphalt and tar have carcinogenic components. 

Many active ingredients of ointments and lotions are not readily dispersible because of their insolubility. Coal-tar products are an example which have been successfully blended into ointment bases by the use of surfactants [227]. A 1 % crude coal-tar ointment in which the tar is dispersed by the addition of 0.5 % polysorbate 20 prior to its incorporation in the base, produces fewer adverse skin reactions than the normal preparations without surfactant [228]. Such preparations are also more readily removed from the skin with water. It has been stated, however, that incorporation of coal-tar into hydrophilic ointment bases allows the penetration of carcinogenic components which may be present in the tar. A clear transparent solution of the US Formulary Coal-Tar Solution can be made, provided that 10% polysorbate 20 remains in the final dilution [229]. 

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