Carcinogen evaluation

Trichlorethylene has been nominated for listing in the National Toxicology Program (NTP) 9th Report on Carcinogens. Evaluation of this substance by the NTP review committees is ongoing (NTP 1997)... 

Van Duuren BL. 1989. lARC carcinogenicity evaluations of vinylidine chloride, methylene dichloride and trichloroethylene. Environ Res 49 333-334. 

Current recommendations include the discontinuance of topical applications of famphur to cattle because of its association with primary and secondary poisoning of birds — especially magpies, hawks, and eagles — and more research on famphur in the three areas of latent effects on treated livestock, fate and effects in aquatic ecosystems, and carcinogenicity evaluation. 

Parker, C.M., C.B. McCullough, J.B.M. Gellatly, and C.D. Johnston. 1983. Toxicologic and carcinogenic evaluation of fenvalerate in the B6C3F1 mouse. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 3 114-120. 

Parker, C.M., D.R. Patterson, G.A. Van Gelder, E.B. Gordon, M.G. Valerio, and W.C. Hall. 1984a. Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity evaluation of fenvalerate in rats. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 13 83-97. 

The primary information for carcinogenicity evaluation is generated by pathologists. Table 9.1 lists the tissues normally collected, processed and evaluated. These professionals, like any other group of professionals, vary in their training and experience, and these are characteristics which may influence the evaluation in a number of ways. Some of these are listed here. 

Lington AW, Bird MG, PIutnickRT, Stubblefield WA, ScalaRA (1997) Chronic toxicity and carcinogenic evaluation of diisononyl phthalate in rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 36 79-89... 

Consuegra, S., Ferreiro, J.A., Sierra, M.L. Comendador, M.A. (1996) Non-genotoxic carcinogens evaluated using the white-ivory assay of Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat. Res., 359, 95-102... 

Wild D. 1978. Cytogenetic effects in the mouse of 17 chemical mutagens and carcinogens evaluated by the micronucleus test. Mutat Res 56 319-327. 

Vaino, H. Coleman, M. Wilbourn, J. Carcinogenicity evaluations and ongoing studies the lARC databases. Environ. Health Perspect. 1991, 96, 5-9. 

Williams, G.M. Whysner, J. Epigenetic carcinogens evalu- 35. ation and risk assessment. Exp. Toxic. Pathol. 1996, 48,... 

Jenssen O, Ramel C. 1980. The micronucleus test as part of a short-term mutagenicity test program for the prediction of carcinogenicity evaluated by 143 agents tested. Mutat Res 75 191-202. 

Vainio H, Coleman M, Wilbourn J. Carcinogenicity evaluations and ongoing studies The IARC databases. Environ Health Perspect 1991 96 5-9. 

Jameson, C.W., and Goehl, T.J. Chemistry requirements for toxicological and carcinogenicity evaluation of chemicals. In Milman,... 

Quast JF. Rampy LW, Balmer MG, et al. 1978. Toxicologic carcinogenic evaluation of a... 

Oral carcinogenicity evaluations of commercial PCB mixtures in mice are limited to two less-than-lifetime studies that did not examine hssues other than liver (Ito et al. 1973 Kimbrough and Linder... 

Carcinogenicity evaluations by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) serve as the international benchmark for classifying chemicals as carcinogens. lARC assesses and classifies chemicals according to the following scheme (Illing 2001 lARC 2006) ... 

Williams, G. M., and Whysner, J. (1996). Epigenetic carcinogens Evaluation and risk assessment. Exp Toxicol Pathol 48, 189-195. 

Table I. Decision Point Approach to Carcinogen Evaluation ...

There are several discrepancies between the ICH Step 2 document and the MHW guidance notes concerning the toxicity testing required for marketing approval in Japan. For example, for carcinogenicity evaluation, the ICH document recommends that the routine studies used for conventional pharmaceuticals generally are not applicable, while the MHW advises, in its Notes No.10, that carcinogenicity studies should be conducted whenever necessary. ... 

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