Carboxylic acids fatty

Carboxylic acids fatty acids from tall oil... 

Siace the mid 1950s, tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) have become available ia good quaUties and large quantities (see Carboxylic acids, fatty acids from TALL oil). Refined grades of TOFA have degrees of unsaturation rivaling that of soya acids. Siace it is a year-rouad by-product from the paper iadustry, its... 

The composition of common fats and oils are found in Table 1. The most predominant feedstocks for the manufacture of fatty acids are tallow and grease, coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and cottonseed oil. Another large source of fatty acids comes from the distillation of cmde tall oil obtained as a by-product from the Kraft pulping process (see Tall oil Carboxylic acids, fatty acids from tall oil). 

The dimer acids [61788-89-4] 9- and 10-carboxystearic acids, and C-21 dicarboxylic acids are products resulting from three different reactions of C-18 unsaturated fatty acids. These reactions are, respectively, self-condensation, reaction with carbon monoxide followed by oxidation of the resulting 9- or 10-formylstearic acid (or, alternatively, by hydrocarboxylation of the unsaturated fatty acid), and Diels-Alder reaction with acryUc acid. The starting materials for these reactions have been almost exclusively tall oil fatty acids or, to a lesser degree, oleic acid, although other unsaturated fatty acid feedstocks can be used (see Carboxylic acids. Fatty acids from tall oil Tall oil). 

Trees, especially conifers, contain tall oils. Tall oil is not isolated dkecfly tall oil fatty acids are isolated from the soaps generated as a by-product of the sulfate pulping process for making paper. Refined tall oil fatty acids are obtained by acidification of the soaps, followed by fractional distillation to separate the fatty acids from the rosin acids and terpene hydrocarbons that also are present in the cmde tall oil fatty acids (see Carboxylic acids Fatty ACIDS FROMTALL OIL). 

Salts of nitrogenous molecules with carboxylic acids (fatty acids, naphthenic acids)... 

Prados P, Fukushima T, Santa T et al (1997) 4-/V,/V-Dimethylam inosu 1 lbnyl-7 -N-(2-aminoethyl)amino-benzofurazan as a new precolumn fluorescence derivatization reagent for carboxylic acids (fatty acids and drugs containing a carboxyl moiety) in liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 344 227-232... 

Amides, Amides are produced by reaction of a carboxylic acid (fatty acid) or ester with anhydrous ammonia or amine (R -NH. ) Organic amides are characterized by the signature group—CONH2. 

Margarine -m tall oil [CARBOXYLIC ACIDS - FATTY ACIDS FROM TALL OIL] (Vol 5) -food additives m [FOOD ADDITIVES] (Vol 11) -food packaging for [FOOD PACKAGING] (Vol 11) -lecithin m [LECITHIN] (Vol 15) -nut oils m [NUTS] (Vol 17) -trace analysis of [TRACE AND RESIDUE ANALYSIS] (Vol 24) -useofsorbates [SORBIC ACID] (Vol 22)... 

Fatty acid nitriles are produced as intermediates for a large variety of amines and amides. See also Carboxylic Acids. Fatty acid nitriles are produced from the corresponding acids by a catalytic reaction with ammonia in the liquid phase. They have little use other than as intermediates. 

Some of the physical properties of fatty acid nitriles are listed in Table 14 (see also Carboxylic acids). Fatty acid nitriles are produced as intermediates for a large variety of amines and amides. Estimated U.S. production capacity (1980) was >140,000 t/yr. Fatty acid nitriles are produced from the corresponding acids by a catalytic reaction with ammonia in the liquid phase. They have little use other than as intermediates but could have some utility as surfactants (qv), mst inhibitors, and plasticizers (qv). 

Lipids include fatty acids (aliphatic carboxylic acids), fatty acid esters, phospholipids, and glycolipids. Plants containing lipids with anticancer properties include the following ... 

The term saponification (Latin, saponis, soap ) literally means the making of soap. Soap is made by the basic hydrolysis of fats, which are esters of long-chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids) with the triol glycerol. When sodium hydroxide hydrolyzes a fat, the resulting long-chain sodium carboxylate salts are what we know as soap. Soaps and detergents are discussed in more detail in Chapter 25. 

The pyrolysis oil collected between 200 to 275 C in the second step was 18.14 % by wt. on an anhydrous wood basis and corresponded to the hemicelluloses degradation . In general, hemicelluloses decompose to yield furans and its derivatives as well as a series of aliphatic carboxylic acids. Hardwoods are composed of pentosan-based hemicelluloses, while hexosan-based hemicelluloses are found in softwoods. Hardwood produces more low molecular weight carboxylic acids and furans than softwood upon decomposition . In contrast, hardwood contains a lower quantity of fatty acids than softwood. Cl - C6 carboxylic acids, fatty acids (e.g. Cia), fiiran and derivatives were identified in this fraction. In the second pyrolysis step, a little rearrangement of the lignin polymer occurred which was based on the formation of small amount of phenolic compounds 0,395 % by wt., anhydrous wood basis). The main components of this fraction are listed in Table 2. Betulin and lupeol were abundant in this fraction. Furthermore, levoglucosan which has been reported earlier as a major compound in the cellulose-derived pyrolysis oils, was identified in the second... 

Amino acids N-containing protein components See Lewis acid carboxylic acid fatty acid amino acid specific compounds. 

This paper presents data on isolation and identification of the following types of geolipids from the Aleksinac oil shale, a Miocene lake sediment n-al-kanes, iso- and/or anteiso-alkanes, aliphatic iso-prenoid alkanes, polycyclic isoprenoid alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, saturated unbranched, aliphatic isoprenoid, hopanoic, and aromatic mono- and poly-carboxylic acids, fatty acid methyl esters, aliphatic y- and 6-lactones, cyclic y-lactones, aliphatic methyl- and isoprenoid ketones, and the triterpenoid ketone adiantone. Possible origin of the identified compound classes is discussed, particularly of those which had not been identified previously as geolipids. 

Fats and oils are triesters of the alcohol glycerol. When they are hydrolyzed by saponification, the products are soaps, which are the salts of long-chain carboxylic acids (fatty acid salts). According to Roman legend, soap was discovered by washerwomen following a heavy rain on Mons Sapo ("Mount Soap"). An important sacrificial altar was located on the mountain. The rain mixed with the remains of previous animal sacrifices—wood ash and animal fat—at the base of the altar. Thus the three substances required to make soap accidentally came together— water, fat, and alkali (potassium carbonate and potassium hydroxide, called potash, leached from the wood ash). The soap mixture flowed down the mountain and into the Tiber River, where the washerwomen quickly realized its value. 

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