Polyethylene ionomers, carboxylated

Another benefit of copolyermization of ethylene is incorporation of appropriate polar groups such as carboxylic acid groups or salt groups in the ionomers. Du Pont is still the only producer of the Surlyn-type of polyethylene ionomers. However, several companies produce copolymers of ethylene with acrylic acid (EAA). Such copolymers offer improved thermal properties with retention of clarity, improved heat-seal strength, and impact strength, as well as improved adhesion to a variety of substances, such as aluminum foil, glass fibers, and mineral fibers. 

Carboxylated polybutadiene ionomers, which are close relatives of the polyethylene ionomers described above, have an essentially polybutadiene backbone that contains some acrylonitrile and styrene to adjust its flexibility and toughness, and, in addition, up to 6% by weight of acrylic or methacrylic acid. Like the polyethylene ionomers, they are usually made by direct copolymerization with the carboxylic acid monomer using, however, emulsion methods. Typically the monomers are slurried in water with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate as the emulsifier and potassium persulfate as the free-radical initiator. The tendency of the carboxyhc add monomer to dissolve in the aqueous phase instead of remaining in the butadiene-rich phase is suppressed by making the aqueous phase acidic so that the monomer remains in the nonionized form. 

Several organic sealants such as epoxy resins, butyl rubber or silicones prove to be more or less permeable and the tiny amount of solvent in the cell is rapidly lost. Suitable organic sealing materials for this technology turn out to be thermoplastic materials, like polyethylene/carboxylate copolymers. So far, Surlyn 1702 ionomer from Dupont has been the main substance used to optimize cell performance and build module prototypes. However, the softening point of Surlyn is rather low (65° C) and at elevated temperatures (> 70°C), serious solvent loss is observed because the bond between Surlyn and TCO-coated glass is substantially weakened [7]. 

The perfluorinated, carboxylated and sulfonated ionomer membranes form the ionic clusters of a few nm in size, as in the case of the hydrocarbon-based ionomers such as polyethylene,polystyrene and polybutadiene(9). The ionic clusters strongly affect physical properties of the membranes, e.g., the swelling behavior of the membranes (amount of water uptaken by the membranes, W and... 

Commercial ionomers are ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers and terpolymers in which the carboxylic acid moiety is partially neutralized with sodium or zinc, to promote interchain ionic bonding. Ionomers exhibit excellent low temperature toughness, chemical resistance and adhesion. However they lack in stiffness and heat resistance. Hence ionomer blends with polyolefins such as polyethylene have been developed which, upon reinforcing with suitable fillers, seem to give a unique combination of high strength, excellent low temperature toughness, and moderate stiff-... 

An ionic bond results when the affinity of two atoms for their shared electrons is so unequal that it results in actual transfer of one or more electrons from the atom with the lowest attraction, the electropositive atom, to the atom with the highest attraction, the electronegative atom. This transfer results in the formation of a positive ion and a negative ion. Oppositely charged ions in the substance are then attracted to each other by electrostatic attractions. Ionic bonds are common in many substances (salts, for example) but are rarely found in plastics. They are present in the side chains in certain polymers, however, and convey some unique and useful properties. For example, Na " and when used to neutralize carboxylic groups, -COO", and bonded to hydrocarbon chains such as polyethylene, produce polymers called ionomers. 

In simple homopolymers and networks, ionic charges may be introduced for a variety of reasons. For example, introducing about 5% of sodium methacrylic acid into polyethylene produces ionomers, which are clear, tough plastics. When the Tg of the polymer is below ambient, materials known as carboxylic rubbers are formed. Anionic and cationic ion exchange resins have been known for a long time. ... 

Tg measurements have been performed on many other polymers and copolymers including phenol bark resins [71], PS [72-74], p-nitrobenzene substituted polymethacrylates [75], PC [76], polyimines [77], polyurethanes (PU) [78], Novolac resins [71], polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polychloroprene, nitrile rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer and butyl rubber [79], bisphenol-A epoxy diacrylate-trimethylolpropane triacrylate [80], mono and dipolyphosphazenes [81], polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid entrapment polymers [82], polyether nitrile copolymers [83], polyacrylate-polyoxyethylene grafts [84], Novolak type thermosets [71], polyester carbonates [85], polyethylene naphthalene, 2,6, dicarboxylate [86], PET-polyethylene 2,6-naphthalone carboxylate blends [87], a-phenyl substituted aromatic-aliphatic polyamides [88], sodium acrylate-methyl methacrylate multiblock copolymers [89], telechelic sulfonate polyester ionomers [90], aromatic polyamides [91], polyimides [91], 4,4"-bis(4-oxyphenoxy)benzophenone diglycidyl ether - 3,4 epoxycyclohexyl methyl 3,4 epoxy cyclohexane carboxylate blends [92], PET [93], polyhydroxybutyrate [94], polyetherimides [95], macrocyclic aromatic disulfide oligomers [96], acrylics [97], PU urea elastomers [97], glass reinforced epoxy resin composites [98], PVOH [99], polymethyl methacrylate-N-phenyl maleimide, styrene copolymers [100], chiral... 

On the basis of these measurements and related physicochemical studies, it is possible to process a structure for ethylene-based ionomers. The un-ionized acid copolymer is thought to consist of two phases a crystalline polyethylene phase and an amorphous phase consisting of polyethylene crosslinked by hydrogen-bonded carboxylic dimers. The ionized copolymers exhibit three distinct phases a crystalline polyethylene phase, an amorphous polyethylene phase, and a dispersed ionic phase consisting of ionic domains. 

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