Carbonyl compounds sulfones anions

Carbanions derived from carbonyl compounds are often referred to as enolates, a name derived from the enol tautomer of carbonyl compounds. The resonance-stabilized enolate anion is the conjugate base of both the keto and enol forms of carbonyl compounds. The anions of nitro compounds are called nitronates and are also resonance stabilized. The stabilization of anions of sulfones is believed to be derived primarily from polar and polarization effects. 

The Julia-Lythgoc olefination operates by addition of alkyl sulfone anions to carbonyl compounds and subsequent reductive deoxysulfonation (P. Kocienski, 1985). In comparison with the Wittig reaction, it has several advantages sulfones are often more readily available than phosphorus ylides, and it was often successful when the Wittig olefination failed. The elimination step yields exclusively or predominantly the more stable trans olefin stereoisomer. 

Among the olefination reactions, those of phosphonium ylides, phosphonate anions, silylmethyl anions, and sulfone anions are discussed. This chapter also includes a section on conjugate addition of carbon nucleophiles to a, (J-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The reactions in this chapter are among the most important and general of the carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. 

Oxathiolane 2,2-dioxide undergoes metallation with n-butyllithium as expected at the 3-position (81JOC101). The anion may be alkylated with alkyl halides or carbonyl compounds. The isomeric 1,3-oxathiolane 3,3-dioxides also undergo metallation ortho to the sulfone and, when the 4-position is blocked, metallation at the 2-position may be used as an efficient conversion of alkyl halides into aldehydes as shown in Scheme 22 (79TL3375). 

The Z-isomer arises from a consecutive induction of active metallic titanium surface to the polydented pinacolic intermediate formed by homolytic coupling of a radical anion species generated from reduction of two carbonyl compounds that is followed by subsequent demetallation and deoxygenation reactions. In this regard, the phenoxy-Ti-sulfone induction plays the key role for Z-stereoselection by forcing the phenoxy and sulfone moieties to be positioned on the same side. 

Electrolysis of benzothiete sulfone 269 yields the phenylmethanesulfinate anion (major) and the o-toluenesulfinate anion (minor).Thermolysis 618,619 gj. photolysis of thiete 1,1-dioxides proceeds via ring-opening to vinyl sulfines, for example. 288, which have been trapped by reaction with water, phenol,methanol, or norbornenes. These intermediates may recyclize to unsaturated sultines (cyclic sulfinate esters) (e.g., 289) or lose sulfur monoxide to give mainly the trans isomers of a,j3-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (e.g., 290). Mass spectra also indicate the formation of unsaturated sultines. ... 

In the original study by Peterson, the alkenation procedure was found to be compatible with sulfur and phosphorus substitution. The alkenation reaction has been tqrplied successfully to a variety of substituted alkenes. Because of the aiuon-stabilizing nature of the thiophenyl, the p-hydroxysiliuie is not isolated and the elimination to the alkene takes place directly to form a 1 1 mixture of ( )- and (Z)-isomers. Ager studied the reaction of the lithio anions of phenyl (trimethylsilyl)methyl sulfides (318) with a variety of carbonyl compounds (equation 72). Yields of this process were good, and addition occurred even with enolizable substrates. This reaction was extended to vinyl sulfones. In contrast to the sulfide case, the substituted sulfone silyl anion behaves as a base, leading to undesired enolization. The best yields were observed for the case where R is a hydrogen or phenyl. 

Among the different methods for the formation of C-C double bonds, the reductive elimination of (3-functionalized (mainly P-hydroxy or (3-carboxy) sulfones, is one of the most widely used ones in organic synthesis. The reductive elimination of (3-hydroxy sulfones and derivatives is the so-called Julia,94 or Julia-Lythgoe olefination reaction (Eq. 2). It usually involves a condensation between the anion of an alkyl sulfone and a carbonyl compound to afford a (3-hydroxy sulfone (Eq. 47). The metal alkoxide intermediate is typically transformed in situ into a carboxylic or sulfonic ester derivative, which is then reduced... 

In its original form,94 the Julia reaction consisted of the formation of a carbon-carbon double bond through the coupling of a sulfonyl-stabilized anion and a carbonyl compound to generate a P-hydroxy sulfone, followed by a reductive elimination to afford the alkene (Eq. 47). A subsequent study of its scope and stereochemistry led to improved reaction conditions, which are now widely used.206 Alternative methods to synthesize the P-hydroxy sulfone intermediates, such as the addition of sulfonyl carbanions to esters with subsequent reduction of the ketone to the P-hydroxy sulfone, are also known (Eq. 121).207... 

PTC is of great effectiveness in the reaction of a-halocarbanions with aldehydes and ketones producing oxiranes (the Darzens reaction). The presence of Cl or Br substituents in a position to the functional groups of aliphatic nitriles, esters, sulfones, ketones, etc., increases their CH acidities, so the corresponding carbanions are readily generated in the presence of 50% NaOH aq and the catalyst. Since in PTC system these carbanions are continuously generated in the presence of the carbonyl compounds, they are efficiently trapped to produce anions of halohydrines, which subsequently cyclize to oxiranes. These specific features of PTC are particularly favorable for the Darzens reaction thus this is the method of choice for synthesis of substituted oxiranes (eqs. 62-64). 

The addition of suhbne-substituted anions to carbonyl compounds yields -hydroxy sulfones. These are useful intermediates for the synthesis of unsaturated compounds via elimination processes. " -Hydroxy sulfones may also be prepared via the regioselective ring opening of epoxides by sodium p-toluenesulfinate. ... 

In order to prepare conjugated olefins, either an allylsulfone or an a,) -unsaturated carbonyl compound is needed. In the case of allylic sulfones, the delocalized carbanion can undergo either a- or y-addition, and the use of enals or enones can result in 1,2- or 1,4-addition products. In general, allylsulfonyl anions, derived from non-stabUized sulfones, undergo additions to carbonyls with excellent a-selectivities (reaction 3.17 [59] Scheme 3.16). The situation is more complex with a, -unsaturated compounds, but conditions have been defined that lead with high preference to adducts resulting from 1,2-addition (reaction 3.18) [60]. 

---