Industrial carbons

Until the 1940s light oil obtained from the destmctive distillation of coal was the principal source of benzene. Except for part of the World War 11 period, the quantity of benzene produced by the coal carbonization industry was sufficient to supply the demand even when a large portion of benzene was used for gasoline blending. 

After 1950, benzene in motor fuel was largely replaced by tetraethyllead but the demand for benzene in the chemical industry persisted and soon exceeded the total production by the coal carbonization industry. To meet this growing demand, methods for producing benzene directiy from petroleum sources were developed. 

The calcium carbonate industry is one of the most competitive of the industrial minerals industry. The market for fine products (97% <45 fim) is estimated to be between 5—9 million tons annually in the United States. The pricing is dependent on the grade which is determined by fineness, purity, and brightness it ranges from 30/kg for coarse materials to over 440/kg for some ultrafine coated or food grades (4). 

Carbon Industries, a subsidiary of Messier-Bugatti Co., is acknowledged for the supply of activated carbon cloths. 

Complex aromatic raw materials such as petroleum resids, decant oils, coal, and coal tars have been employed for many years by the carbon industry and continue to be used extensively in the fabrication of coke, carbon, and artificial graphite [1], These same feedstocks also have the potential for use in producing "advanced" carbon products such as carbonaceous mesophase, fibers, and beads 12-4]. 

GILLARD, F. (1984). Measurement of odours by dynamic olfactometry. Application to the steel and carbonization industries. Proc.Int.Symp., Soc. Beige de Filtr. (eds.), 25-27 April 1984, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium, pp. 53-86. 

Gupta, H., Thomas, T.J., Park, A.-H.A., Iyer, M.V., Gupta, P Agnihotri, R Jadhav, R.A., Walker, H.W., Weavers, L.K., Butalia, T., Fan, L.-S. et al. (2007) Pilot-scale demonstration of the OSCAR process for high-temperature multipollutant control of coal combustion flue gas, using carbonated fly ash and mesoporous calcium carbonate. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 46(14), 5051-60. 

Mondal, P., Majumder, C.B. and Mohanty, B. (2007) Removal of trivalent arsenic (As(III)) from contaminated water by calcium chloride (CaC12)-impregnated rice husk carbon. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 46(8), 2550-57. 

Needle Coke. Usually produced from highly aromatic thermal tar, pyrolysis tar or decanted oil stocks. This coke is typically characterized by a fibrous texture with long, unidirectional "needles" of coke. This form of coke is a premium product, which is sold to the carbon industry for use in the manufacture of large graphite electrodes. 

In 1825, Faraday isolated benzene from a liquid condensed by compressing oil gas. Benzene was first synthesized by Mitscherlich in 1833 by distilling benzoic acid with lime. Benzene was first commercially recovered from light oil derived from coal tar in 1849 and from petroleum in 1941 (IARC 1982a). Several years after the end of World War II, the rapidly expanding chemical industry created an increased demand for benzene that the coal carbonization industry could not fulfill. To meet this demand, benzene was produced by the petroleum and petrochemical industries by recovery from reformat and liquid by-products of the ethylene manufacturing process (Purcell 1978). 

The total nitrogen content is used to characterize numerous products and samples in the petrol, paper and carbon industries. These measurements can be carried out with CHN analysers as described previously, but to simplify the procedure, customized analysers have been developed for this single element. They are an alternative for cumbersome reference methods, such as total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN - corresponds to the sum of organic nitrogen and ammonia). 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Sodium Carbonate Industry—Background Information for Proposed Standards—Drift EIS, EPA-450/3-80-029 a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quahty Planning and Standards, Emission Standards Division, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1980. 

In fact, it was this ready availability of wood that fueled the rapid industrial development of Western Europe in the eighteenth century, particularly in England. The supply of wood (in the form of char-grade timber) severely hampered the use of coal. But the timber was consumed at such a drastic rate that the woods of the English Midlands, and presumably the woods and forests in other parts of Europe, were severely decimated. Thus followed the emergence (if not the reemergence) of coal as the fuel of choice for the charcoal and carbonization industries. 

Davis, J.D. and Place, P.B. 1924. Thermal reactions of coal during carbonization. Industrial Engineering Chemistry, 16(6) 589-592. 

Weiss, J.M. 1940. By-products of coal carbonization. Industrial Engineering Chemistry, 32 1161-1162. 

The coal carbonization industry was established initially as a means of producing coke (Chapter 16), but a secondary industry emerged (in fact, became necessary) to deal with the secondary or by-products (namely, gas, ammonia liquor, crude benzole, and tar) produced during carbonization (Table 24.1). 

See also Sample Dissolution for Elemental Analysis Microwave Digestion. Sampling Theory. Water Analysis Overview Seawater - Dissolved Organic Carbon Industrial Effluents Sewage Biochemical Oxygen Demand. 

Carbone Industrie (Cl), Villeurbanne, France—formed in 1985 as a joint subsidiary of GEC Alsthom and Societe Europeenne de Propulsion (SEP) to develop, produce and market carbon-carbon composites. SEP then sold Cl an exclusive ten year licence for a gaseous densification process to make carbon-carbon materials. Cl produce Sepcarb carbon-carbon and in 1997, were acquired by Messier-Bugatti, a carbon-carbon brake manufacturer. 

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