Carbonation transformation

Eliason, S.A., and Bartholomew, C.H. 1997. Temperature-programmed reaction study of carbon transformations on iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysts during steady-state synthesis. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 111 517-26. 

Based on this modified activated sludge concept, it was possible to produce acceptable model simulation results for the water-phase processes of the heterotrophic carbon transformations in sewers. However, problems were identified for the description of the heterotrophic biomass decay. A major problem was the magnitude of the 1-order decay rate constant with respect to the biomass concentration. Henze et al. (1987) and Kappeler and Gujer (1992)... 

The sodio sulphate (technically temed tdU take) ia next heated with calcic carbonate and small coal. The carbon reduces the sodio sulphate to sulphide, and the calojo carbonate transforms the sodio sulphide into sodio carbonate, insoluble calcic osysulpbide being simultaneously produced —... 

M. le Blanc and K. Novotny showed, for example, that at 100°, the percent, of sodium carbonate transformed into hydroxide is greater with normal than with ternormal soln. Thus, for equilibrium,... 

Diethyl malonate in methanol in the presence of potassium carbonate transformed the 2-methylthio group of 93 (X = O) into a 2-methoxy group. If the solvent was dimethylformamide, the product was the malonic acid derivative (220).268 2-Methoxy-4-imino-4//-pyrido[l,2-a]pyrimidine was prepared from the corresponding 2-methythio derivative (93 X = NH) by treatment with methanolic sodium hydroxide.268... 

Webster, E. A., Chudek, J. A., and Hopkins, D. W. (2000). Carbon transformations during decomposition of different components of plant leaves in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 32, 301-314. 

The 1-carbon transformations require two cofactors especially folic acid and vitamin B12. 

All these results are related to observations and measurements in the field as well as from oxalotrophic bacterial cultures in the laboratory (Braissant et al, 2004). There is no theoretical model available to explain the oxalate-carbonate transformation and its consequences on the soil solution properties, i.e. alkalinization facilitating precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCOs) and CO2 release into the atmosphere. This kind of model should be able to explain the process of oxido-reduction reactions, pH regulation and the evolution of the various phase concentrations involved in the system, i.e. oxalate, carbonate, water and CO2. This is the aim of the next section. 

A theoretical analysis of oxalate-carbonate transformation The objective of this theoretical approach is to try to compare the equilibrium diagrams of the CaCOs—CaC204—CO2—H2O system with the biogeochemical data available on the oxalate-carbonate transformation. The initial hypothesis is that the oxido-reduction reaction of oxalate-carbonate occurs biochemically, i.e. due to bacterial activity. In other words, activation energy is present and high enough to initiate the reactions. The theoretical system studied is defined by three different phases present ... 

The transformation of plant detritus into stabilized humic substances is one of the most complex and least understood biogeochemical processes in the carbon cycle (Stevenson, 1994). Traditionally, decomposition and humification of plant residues was thought to be dominated by the mineralization of labile materials, while more recalcitrant aromatic compounds accumulate in the soil. The application of modem analytical techniques—including solid-state NMR spectroscopy, pyrolysis gas chromatography, and degradative chemical techniques—to the study of decomposition and humification has significantly altered this simple view of carbon transformation in the soil (Baldock et al., 1997 Kogel-Knabner, 1997). 

Wagner G. H. and Wolf D. C. (1999) Carbon transformations and soil organic matter formation. In Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology (eds. D. M. Sylvia, J. J. Fuhrmann, P. G. Hartel, and D. A. Zuberer). Prentice Hall, pp. 218-258. 

Soil Microorganisms, Carbon Transformation Test (original guideline, adopted January 21, 2000)... 

Additional tests were carried out to study effects of reaction and catalyst variables on the deactivation process. Results are presented in Tables 1-5. Thus the initial carbon present in the solution is transformed during the reaction principally into reaction intermediates, carbon dioxide and polymeric species. The rest remains as untransformed phenol. Elemental analysis of the catalysts quantifies the fraction of the initial carbon which has been transformed into polymers. The TOC analysis in the liquid phase permits calculation of the fraction of initial carbon which remains unreacted or has been transformed into reaction intermediates. Therefore, the initial carbon transformed into carbon dioxide was calculated as follows ... 

Temperature-Programmed Reaction Study of Carbon Transformations on Iron Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts During Steady-State Synthesis... 

Mass-Balance Determinations. Table IV illustrates the mass-balance determinations for carbon, nitrogen, and electrons for strain Tl. Degradation is evidenced by the carbon transformation to C02 and cells. In ad-... 

First-order solid-state amorphization occurs due to an entropy catastrophe [39] causing melting of superheated graphite and decompressed diamond below Pg when the entropy of the ordered crystal would exceed the entropy of the disordered liquid. This condition is resolved with the occurrence of a kinetic transition to a (supercooled) glass whereby the exact kinetic conditions during carbon transformation will be critically Pg-depen-dent [39]. It is important to consider the crystal to liquid transition and the effect of a superheated crystal whereof the ultimate stability is determined by the equality of crystal and liquid entropies [40]. When this condition is met, a solid below its Pg will melt to an amorphous solid, particularly... 

The detrital rain of carbon-containing particles can be divided into two groups the hard parts comprised of calcite and aragonite and the soft tissue containing organic carbon. The composition of the soft tissue shows the average ratio of biophils as P N C Ca S = 1 15 131 26 50, with Cc Co ratio as 1 4. More details of carbon transformation in bottom sediments are presented in Box 2. 

Fig. 8-7 Bacterial transformation of carbon coupled to redox reactions of sulfur and nitrogen. If the carbon transformation goes in one direction, the other reactions have to go in the opposite direction.

More details of carbon transformation in bottom sediments are presented in Box 2. 

Stated differently, without char gasification, only about 6% of the carbon in the wood could be upgraded to hydrocarbon products even if all the oxygenates produced by pyrolysis were recycled to extinction. Parallel upgrading of methanol derived from char gasification can increase this value to approximately 36%, i.e., about 6% from the pyrolysis liquids and 30% from methanol. Methanol co-processing boosts the percent of wood carbon transformed into... 

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