Carbon transforms hydrogen

Nucleophilic Attack at Carbon or Hydrogen. Only the strongest of nucleophiles (eg, —NH2) can replace a hydrogen in pyridine. However, N-oxides and quaternary salts rapidly undergo addition, followed by subsequent transformations (12). 

Besides being a methylating agent, diazomethane also is a source of CH2 when irradiated with light. The carbene formed in this way is highly reactive and even will react with the electrons of a carbon-hydrogen bond to insert the carbon of the carbene between carbon and hydrogen. This transforms —C—H to —C—CH3 ... 

Reagents which effect epoxidation of the enol ether unsaturation effect a-hydroxylation comparable to the peracid approach. Thus a combination of molybdenum hexacarbonyl and r-butyl hydroperoxide converts the substrates to a-silyloxy derivatives. The peroxide generate in situ from benzonitrile, potassium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide can also perform the oxidation. Molybdenum-peroxy complexes, including MoOPH, could presumably also effect this transformation. Lastly, dimethyldioxirane has been used to epoxidize alkenes and it is likely that application of this useful, debris free, organic peroxide to these reactions will soon emerge. 

Lactam Antibiotics.—A wealth of detail is now available on the fates of individual carbon and hydrogen atoms of valine (150) and cysteine (152) on transformation into the penicillins [as (151)]. It has been confirmed recently that cysteine gives penicillin with loss of the 3-pro-S hydrogen and it was pointed out that if oxidation of the C-3 thio-group to say a thioaldehyde occurs in the course of biosynthesis, then... 

Coal gasification consists of the chemical transformation of solid coal into gas. The heating values of coal differ, but the higher the heating value, the higher the value of the gas produced (which is essentially methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, etc.). The following coal has a... 

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