Carbonaceous materials acidity

Perchlorates Carbonaceous materials, flnely divided metals particularly magnesium and aluminum, sulfur, benzene, oleflns, ethanol, sulfur, sulfuric acid... 

Perchloric acid Acetic acid, acetic anhydride, alcohols, antimony compounds, azo pigments, bismuth and its alloys, methanol, carbonaceous materials, carbon tetrachloride, cellulose, dehydrating agents, diethyl ether, glycols and glycolethers, HCl, HI, hypophosphites, ketones, nitric acid, pyridine, steel, sulfoxides, sulfuric acid... 

The process for the thermal activation of other carbonaceous materials is modified according to the precursor. For example, the production of activated carbon from coconut shell does not require the stages involving briquetting, oxidation, and devolatilization. To obtain a high activity product, however, it is important that the coconut shell is charred slowly prior to activation of the char. In some processes, the precursor or product is acid-washed to obtain a final product with a low ash content (23,25). 

The buildup of carbonaceous materials in the sulfuric acid presents one of the most serious problems of acid concentration (76—80). Acid concentration also presents a corrosion problem. The vessels are mild steel lined with lead or brick the steam heating elements are composed of siUcon, iron, or tantalum, and pipelines are generally constmcted of lead (81). 

Phosphate rock is calcinedto remove carbonaceous material before being oigested with sulfuric acid. Several different fluidization... 

This is not the case in most fires where some oi the intermediate produces, formed when large, complex molecules are broken up, persist. Examples are hydrogen cyanide from wool and silk, acrolein from vegetable oils, acetic acid from timber or paper, and carbon or carbon monoxide from the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials. As the fire develops and becomes hotter, many of these intermediates, which are often toxic, are destroyed—for example, hydrogen cyanide is decomposed at about 538°C (1000°F). 

In conventional alkylation operations, 98 wt. %, sulfuric acid is used as the catalyst, although some processes use HF.The spent alkylation acid, withdrawn as 88-92% acid, is not consumed in the chemical sense, but is diluted by carbonaceous material and small amounts of water. Acid reconditioning is usually completed in a separate plant. The range in makeup acid requirement and in octane quality varies with plant design, with type of feedstock, and with alkylate product rate. A wide variety of feedstocks can be processed through alkylation plants, as both low and high boiling olefins can be alkylated. 

Chemical Reactivity - Reactivity with Water No reaction Reactivity with Common Materials No reaction Stability During Transport If contaminated with carbonaceous materials, can become an explosive which is sensitive to shock and friction. Ready detonates or explodes Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics Not pertinent Polymerization Not pertinent Inhibitor of Polymerization Not pertinent. 

In some of the earliest recorded examples of adsorption, activated carbon was used as the adsorbent. Naturally occurring carbonaceous materials such as coal, wood, coconut shells or bones are decomposed in an inert atmosphere at a temperature of about 800 K. Because the product will not be porous, it needs additional treatment or activation to generate a system of fine pores. The carbon may be produced in the activated state by treating the raw material with chemicals, such as zinc chloride or phosphoric acid, before carbonising. Alternatively, the carbon from the carbonising stage may be selectively... 

Although DNA has been widely attached onto carbonaceous materials, the underlying mechanism of adsorption has not been fully clarified. The next section focuses on the different strategies for the adsorption of nucleic acid (ssDNA, dsDNA, ODN and DNA bases) on carbon-based material. 

These carbonaceous catalysts can be obtained by the sulfonation of incompletely carbonized organic compounds [42]. Note that starch and cellulose can be used as carbon precursor [43, 44]. After the incomplete pyrolysis of the carbon precursor, the SO3H groups have been introduced by sulfonation with sulfuric acid (Scheme 3). After this treatment, the presence of phenolic hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, and sulfonic groups at the surface of these amorphous carbonaceous materials has been demonstrated. 

A carbonaceous absorbent is used together with at least 6% of phosphoric acid and at least 2% water, based on the weight of the dry carbonaceous material, serving to avoid undue flammability. A.R.T. Denues, USP 2297538 (1943) CA 37, 1606 (1943)... 

Gelatinized High expl compns prepd by incorporating in a blend of NG, NGc, NC, DNT, AN, K nitrate, carbonaceous material sulfur, a small amt of a salt of triethanolamine and a higher fatty acid blended with at least one monohydric aliphatic ale contg 10—18 C atoms in the chain)... 

Novel Manufacturing Processes. Different chemical activation processes have been used to produce carbons with enhanced adsorption characteristics. Activated carbons of exceptionally high surface area (>3000 m2/g) have been produced by the chemical activation of carbonaceous materials with potassium hydroxide (28,29). Activated carbons are also produced commercially in the form of cloths (30), fibers (31), and foams (32) generally by chemical activation of the precursor with a Lewis acid such as aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, or zinc chloride. 

The present report gives the methods used and the data obtained for acid, ester, aldehyde, ketone, amide, hydroxyl, and ether functional groups in kero-gen and trona acids. These methods may be applicable also in studying coals and other carbonaceous materials. 

Perchlorate Ammonium perchlorate [CAS 7790-98-9] (NH(4)CLO(4)) is a white crystalline substance. It is a powerful oxidizing material. A1J is the oxidizer used in the solidroekel boosters on the space shuttle. It is stable in pure form at ordinary temperature, but decomposes at a temperature of 150 degrees C or above. It becomes an explosive when mixed with finely divided organic materials. AP exhibits the same explosive sensitivity to shock as picric acid (Class A explosive). Sensitivity to shock and friction may be great when contaminated with small amounts of some impurities such as sulfur, powdered metals and carbonaceous materials. AP may explode when involved in fire. Periodate Ammonium penodate NH4IO4. white solid, moderately soluble. 

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