Optical wavelengths

While the spatial resolution in classical microscopy is limited to approximately X/2, where X is the optical wavelength (tlie so-called Abbe Limit [194], -0.2 pm with visible light), SNOM breaks through this barrier by monitoring the evanescent waves (of high spatial frequency) which arise following interaction with an... 

At optical wavelength of 1.3. m. Values given are figures of merit. 

Protein Computers. The membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin holds great promise as a memory component in future computers. This protein has the property of adopting different states in response to varying optical wavelengths. Its transition rates are very rapid. Bacteriorhodopsin could be used both in the processor and storage, making a computer smaller, faster, and more economical than semiconductor devices (34). 

The application of interference techniques overcomes the limitations exerted by the large optical wavelengths. With commercial phase-measurement interference microscopes (PMIM), a surface resolution of the order of 0.6 nm can be achieved [33, 34]. In a microscope a laser beam is both reflected from the sample surface and from a semitransparent smooth reference surface (Fig. 3). The interference pattern is recorded on an area detector and modulated via the piezo-electric driven reference surface. The modulated interference pattern is fed into a computer to generate a two-dimensional phase map which is converted into a height level contour map of the sample surface. While the lateral resolution (typically of the... 

Optoelectronics is a discipline which combines optics and electronics. It deals with optical wavelengths from 0.20 im (ultraviolet) to 3 im (near infrared) as shown in Fig. 15.1. The properties of optoelectronic materials are a useful combination of electrical and semiconductor properties (electron action), with optical properties such as transmission, reflection, and absorption (phonon action). 

An Introduction to Multiple Telescope Array Interferometry at Optical Wavelengths... 

Optical methods monitor the optical absorption/emission/scattering of a gas species at defined optical wavelengths. The distribution of this optical absorption/emission with wavelength provides an optical fingerprint for any gas species present, and the magnitude typically shows the concentration. 

The B-N object may be considered to be a zero-age main sequence star that evolves with increasing surface temperature and luminosity at optical wavelengths. The descent from the right-hand upper quarter of the HR diagram, along with what has been called the Hayashi track or birth lines, precedes the entrance onto the... 

TECHNIQUES BASED ON OPTICAL WAVELENGTHS 2.3.1 Optical Emission Spectroscopy... 

Capillary overheating Detector lamp either is not on or is weak. Also, poor selected optical wavelength Light Intensity through cell is low... 

The frequency stability obtained up to now is already better than 1x10 and therefore exceeds the accuracy of the optical wavelength standard (red krypton line) by more than three orders of magnitude 333b, c)... 

Note 1 In most cases, blends are homogeneous on scales smaller than several times visual optical wavelengths. 

Unlike in bulk nonlinear spectroscopy experiments, the signal in nonlinear microscopy is generated within a volume that is on the order of an optical wavelength. The axial extent of this volume is often referred to as the interaction length, which denotes the length within which the incident fields interact to produce a nonlinear polarization in the material. Such microscopic interaction lengths yield signal interference profiles that can differ markedly from those observed in macroscopic spectroscopy. 

The fundamental measurement in photochemistry/femtochemistry is the measurement of the yield Y per absorbed photon for the photochemical reaction (or equivalently cross section ), often as a function of optical wavelength ha>, absorbed optical fluence Fa, angle of incidence of the light to the surface d, and polarization of the light relative to the surface normal , i.e., as Y hot),FOJ,6i,POJ). A good indicator for hot electron (or more generally hot carrier) induced photochemistry is when the variation of (/ , ()i, ) parallels that for absorption of the light in the metal substrate. Direct adsorbate photochemistry behaves quite differently when the transition dipole is perpendicular to the surface [129]. There is, however, some... 

One can also consider the light medium (at the optical wavelength Xopt) as a medium with a reduced refractive index of n(o>) for nonrelativistic v c given by the expression... 

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