Carbon nanotubes detection

In this paper, we review progress in the experimental detection and theoretical modeling of the normal modes of vibration of carbon nanotubes. Insofar as the theoretical calculations are concerned, a carbon nanotube is assumed to be an infinitely long cylinder with a mono-layer of hexagonally ordered carbon atoms in the tube wall. A carbon nanotube is, therefore, a one-dimensional system in which the cyclic boundary condition around the tube wall, as well as the periodic structure along the tube axis, determine the degeneracies and symmetry classes of the one-dimensional vibrational branches [1-3] and the electronic energy bands[4-12]. 

Scientists identified the first carbon nanotubes in 1991. They sealed two graphite rods inside a container of helium gas and sent an electric discharge from one rod to the other. Much of one rod evaporated, but out of the inferno some amazing structures emerged (see illustrations). As well as the tiny 60-atom carbon spheres known as buckminsterfullerene—which had been known since 1985—long, hollow, perfectly straight carbon nanotubes were detected. 

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