Emergent Structure

As you pay homage to the diversity of behavior that emerges across the spectrum of all possible representations of all possible systems, you inevitably conclude that (1) there can be no objectively privileged system for which the emergent structures are real, and suc.h that all other structures, for all other derived systems, are less real, and (2) reality, or the emergence and identity of particular sets of objects and their interactions, is wholly dependent on the arbitrary dynamical labels that prescribe a particular system. In short, reality lo.ses its objectivity, and takes on a more tentative, ineffably relative facade. You begin to wonder if the best that you can do to get a hold on objective reality is to look for whatever remains fixed -i.e. what is universal - within the space of all possible representations, all possible rules, and all possible emergent structures. 

Karlin A (2002) Emerging structure of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nat Rev Neurosci 3 102-114... 

These emerging structural requirements of enhancement have launched a quest for new, even more powerful enhancers. Several potent amphiphilic compounds have surfaced from this pursuit that, at their worst, are only mildly tissue provocative, key examples... 

Hegg, E. L. and L. Que (1997). The 2-His-l-carboxylate facial triad-An emerging structural motif in mononuclear non-heme iron(II) enzymes. Eur. J. Biochem. 250(3) 625-629. 

Karlin, A. Emerging structures of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3,102-114, 2002. 

Jones IW, Wonnacott S (2004) Precise localization of alpha nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on glutamatergic axon terminals in the rat ventral tegmental area. J Neurosci 24 11244-11252 Karlin A (2002) Emerging structure of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nat Rev Neurosci 3(2) 102-114... 

McPeeters RL, Oswald RE (2004) Emerging structural explanations of ionotropic glntamate receptor function. FASEB J 18 428-438... 

Biology offers innumerable examples where the increase of complexity is attended by the onset of sophisticated emergent properties. In the previous chapter the beehive-like structure of silicon fluids was mentioned if we now consider a real honeycomb, each bee appears to behave as an independent element, acting apparently on its own account, but the whole population of bees gives a highly sophisticated collective emergent structure. The same can be said for an anthill or... 

Fig. (4). The Emerging Structure of Hemozoin. (A) Spectroscopically based model of hemozoin as a linear coordination polymer of heme units linked by a propionate linkage. (B) Hydrogen-bonded model of hemozoin from X-ray powder diffraction data showing two strands of heme units hydrogen bonded via the other propionic acid groups. (C) Current X-ray model of hemozoin revealing a hydrogen-bonded network of heme dimers linked by reciprocating axial propionate linkages.

Figure 1.28 A termite mound in Australia s Northern Territory. Termite mounds are classic examples of Natural emergent structures.

Users will find these valuable for validation of new equations, as they are being developed. Specifically, researchers examine emerging structure-activity relationships for resemblance to others with known mechanisms. 

This property will now be shown to fix the geometries of the emerging structures. 

Fyfe, P.K. Jones, M.R. Re-emerging structures continuing crystallography of the bacterial reaction center. Biochim.Biophys.Acta (2000), 1459(2-3), 413-421. 

McFeeters, R. L., and Oswald, R. E. (2004). Emerging Structural Explanations of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Function. FASEBJ. 18, 428-438. 

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