Carbon nanotubes characterization

S. Wang, "Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes Characterization, Modeling and Composite Application", Doctoral Dissertation, Florida State University, 2006. 

Combining it with the observation of the radial RBM, fluorescence microscopy can be employed to determine the structural parameters n and m of the tubes under examination. Table 3.2 collects experimental and theoretical values of carbon nanotubes characterized this way. 

Raman spectroscopy is very useful for a correct carbon nanotube characterization, when SEM and TEM analyses do not provide univocal results. Eigure 6.29 shows an example of the carbon nanotube Raman analysis. 

T., and Wiesendanger, R. (2004) Atomic-resolution dynamic force microscopy and spectroscopy of a single-walled carbon nanotube characterization of interatomic van der Waals forces. Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 136101. 

Oktaviano HS, Yamada K, Waki K (2012) Nano-drilled multiwalled carbon nanotubes characterizations and application for LIB anode materials. J Mater Chem 22 25167-25173... 

Many research opportunities exist for the controlled manipulation of structures of nm dimensions. Advances made in the characterization and manipulation of carbon nanotubes should therefore have a substantial general impact on the science and technology of nanostructures. The exceptionally high modulus and strength of thin multi-wall carbon nanotubes can be used in the manipulation of carbon nanotubes and other nanostructures [212, 213]. 

Table 2. Values for characterization parameters for selected carbon nanotubes labeled by (n,m)[l]...

These properties are illustrative of the unique behavior of ID systems on a rolled surface and result from the group symmetry outlined in this paper. Observation of ID quantum effects in carbon nanotubes requires study of tubules of sufficiently small diameter to exhibit measurable quantum effects and, ideally, the measurements should be made on single nanotubes, characterized for their diameter and chirality. Interesting effects can be observed in carbon nanotubes for diameters in the range 1-20 nm, depending... 

Experimental measurements to test these remarkable theoretical predictions of the electronic structure of carbon nanotubes are difficult to carry out because of the strong dependence of the predicted properties on tubule diameter and chirality. Ideally, electronic or optical measurements should be made on individual single-wall nanotubes that have been characterized with regard to diameter and chiral angle. Further ex-... 

Ding, L. et al. (2005) Molecular characterization of the cytotoxic mechanism of multiwall carbon nanotubes and nano-onions on human skin fibroblast. Nano Letters, 5 (12), 2448-64. 

Shen, M.W. et al. (2009) Polyethyleneimine-mediated functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes synthesis, characterization, and in vitro toxicity assay. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113 (8), 3150-3156. 

Carbon nanotubes are also of considerable interest with regard to both reinforcement and possible increases in electrical conductivity [237-239]. There is considerable interest in characterizing the flexibility of these nanotube structures, in minimizing their tendencies to aggregate, and in maximizing their miscibilities with organic and inorganic polymers. 

Since their first discovery by Iijima in 1991 [1], carbon nanotubes have attracted a great deal of interest due to their very exciting properties. Their structure is characterized by cylindrically shaped enclosed graphene layers that can form co-axially stacked multi-wall nanotubes (MWNTs) or single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs). Like in graphite, carbon atoms are strongly bonded to each other in the curved honeycomb network but have much weaker Van der Waals-type interaction with carbons belonging to... 

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been synthesized by catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) of ethylene on several mesoporous aluminosilicates impregnated with iron. The aluminosilicates were synthesized by sol-gel method optimizing the Si/Al ratios from 6 to 80. The catalysts are characterized by nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, 27A1 NMR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and infrared. The MWCNTs are characterized by TGA and transmission and scanning electron microscope. 

H. Dohi, S. Kikuchi, S. Kuwahara, T. Sugai, and H. Shinohara, Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes wrapped by gly-coconjugate polymer with bioactive sugars, Chem. Phys. Lett., 428 (2006) 98-101. 

Chiang, I.W., Brinson, B.E., Smalley, R.E., Margrave, J.L., and Hauge, R.H. (2001) Purification and characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes./. Phys. Chem. B105, 1157-1161. 

D. Pantarotto, C.D. Partidos, R. Graff, J. Hoebeke, J.P. Briand, M. Prato, and A. Bianco, Synthesis, structural characterization, and immunological properties of carbon nanotubes functionalized with peptides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 6160-6164 (2003). 

Raman scattering is one of the most useful and powerful techniques to characterize carbon nanotube samples. Figure 15.17 shows the Raman spectrum of a single SWNT [127]. The spectrum shows four major bands which are labeled RBM, D, G, and G. ... 

F. Valentini, A. Amine, S. Orlanducci, M.L. Terranova, and G. Palleschi, Carbon nanotube purification preparation and characterization of carbon nanotube paste electrodes. Anal. Chem. 75, 5413-5421 (2003). 

P. He and M. Bayachou, Layer-by-layer fabrication and characterization of DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotube particles. Langmuir 21, 6086-6092 (2005). 

C.Y. Liu, A.J. Bard, F. Wudl, I. Weitz, and J.R. Heath, Electrochemical characterization of films of single-walled carbon nanotubes and their possible application in supercapacitors. Electrochem. Solid... 

C. Hu, X. Chen, and S. Hu, Water-soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes films preparation, characterization and applications as electrochemical sensing films. J. Electroanal. Chem. 586, 77-85 (2006). 

A. Jorio, M.A. Pimenta, A.G.S. Filho, R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, and M.S. Dresselhaus, Characterizing carbon nanotube samples with, resonance Raman scattering. New J. Phys. 5, 139.1-139.17 (2003). 

G. Chambers, C. Carroll, G.F. Farrell, A.B. Dalton, M. McNamara, M.I.H. Panhuis, and H.J. Byrne, Characterization of the interaction of gamma cyclodextrin with single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nano... 

H. Kong, R Luo, C. Gao, and D. Yan, Polyelectrolyte-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes preparation, characterization and layer-by-layer self-assembly. Polymer 46, 2472—2485 (2005). 

As the analytical, synthetic, and physical characterization techniques of the chemical sciences have advanced, the scale of material control moves to smaller sizes. Nanoscience is the examination of objects—particles, liquid droplets, crystals, fibers—with sizes that are larger than molecules but smaller than structures commonly prepared by photolithographic microfabrication. The definition of nanomaterials is neither sharp nor easy, nor need it be. Single molecules can be considered components of nanosystems (and are considered as such in fields such as molecular electronics and molecular motors). So can objects that have dimensions of >100 nm, even though such objects can be fabricated—albeit with substantial technical difficulty—by photolithography. We will define (somewhat arbitrarily) nanoscience as the study of the preparation, characterization, and use of substances having dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Many types of chemical systems, such as self-assembled monolayers (with only one dimension small) or carbon nanotubes (buckytubes) (with two dimensions small), are considered nanosystems. 

If you stick to the definition of an allotrope being a modification of an element characterized by its x-ray crystal structure. Otherwise carbon may have more modifications, when counting all the different fullerenes and carbon nanotubes as allotropes. 

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